period of history. The oldest Old Javanese treatises on Siwaism and Buddhism consisted of Sanskrit texts provided with Old Javanese paraphrases (see 10.000, conclusion). In the present Synopsis it is out of place to draw a parallel between Indian (Sanskrit) and Islamic (Arabic) influence on the devel opment of Javanese civilization. Suffice it to say that Islamic religious concepts, in troduced into Java in the fifteenth century, found the soil in a way prepared for their reception by the scholars’ secular study of Old Javanese religious texts which reflected Indian ideas. Small wonder that the methods of studying religion in Java in the pre- Islamic and the Muslim period of cultural history show points of similarity. This remark has already been made with refer ence to the activities of masters of religious schools (14.000, conclusion). The texts which have been registered un der the preceding heads (14.000 and 14.200) presuppose a knowledge of Arabic religious literature on the part of the authors. They contain many Arabic words and sentences. Nevertheless they are not just paraphrases of Arabic texts. Perhaps in the beginning of religious propaganda and teaching in Java, the Creed and the principal tenets of Islam were first orally transmitted, and only after wards written down in Old Javanese script. A serious study of Arabic religious texts, paraphrasing them in Javanese, probably belonged to a second phase of the penetration of Islam into the intellectual sphere of Javanese scholars. In this phase knowledge of Arabic script and Arabic grammar was indispensable. Javanese treatises on Arabic grammar have been registered in Part Four, Humanities, under the head grammar (46.050).

Javanese paraphrases of Arabic texts were written under the lines, word by word. They are called interlinear glosses. The serious study of Arabic religious texts by means of Javanese interlinear glosses belongs to the period of the Pasisir culture of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The character of the Pasisir culture has been described in Part Two, History, 22.200. At that time in Bali knowledge of the Old Javanese poetic idiom, called kawi, was on the wane, and Javanese-Balinese scholars were in want of paraphrases of Old Javanese epic poems. The making of Javanese inter linear glosses, whether applied (in Bali) to Old Javanese epics or (in Java) to Arabic religious texts, seems to be a characteristic feature of scholarship of the Pasisir period of Javanese cultural history. Javanese interlinear glosses of Arabic texts were written with Arabic characters. Placing Javanese words written with Javanese letters under Arabic words, to be read in the op posite direction, would be awkward. More over in the interlinear glosses several Arabic words, already familiar in Java, were used. It is not certain that the use of Arabic script in writing Javanese had its origin in the making of Javanese interlinear glosses of Arabic religious texts, but evidently it was promoted by students of Islam (see 00090). Under the present head some books of notes on Islamic lore, still belonging to group A, mystic literature (see 14.000) and containing original Arabic texts provided with Javanese paraphrases have been col lected. Perhaps some paraphrases registered under the present head date from the seven teenth or eighteenth centuries. Probably most paraphrases were made as late as the last

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