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16.800 Islamic religious texts from Bali and Lombok (group E, 14.000).

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Muslim traders and native neophytes did not succeed in overturning the old pre-Islamic order of religion and society in Bali in the same manner as they did in Java and most of the other islands of the Archipelago (see 14.000). Though Islam did not become the dominant religion in Bali, still Muslim com munities, partly of foreign origin, settled in some districts, notably on the North and West coast. Apparently they were tolerated by the Balinese rulers for economic reasons. They kept up a regular trade with foreign countries and provided the isolated agricul tural, sacerdotal and aristocratic communities in the interior of the island with commodities not produced in Bali. In Lombok, probably not before the be ginning of the seventeenth century, local chiefs were converted to* Islam by Javanese traders coming from Grësik. In the eigh teenth century a Balinese kingdom was established in the western part of the island, and the native Sasak Muslims came under the rule of unbelievers. Probably from the eighteenth century onwards native Muslim communities in Lombok and isolated Mus lim groups in Bali had frequent contacts. Both in Bali and in Lombok Muslim communities, though independent in reli- giosis, were living under the rule of un believers, and in a way they were influenced by their Balinese surroundings. Islamic religious texts and Islamic traditional history were translated into the Javanese-Balinese literary idiom. Manuscripts containing Islamic texts were often written in Balinese

script, though Arabic script was well- known, of course. On the other hand Mus lim influence is apparent in several non- Islamic Balinese texts on magic etc. and also in some non-Islamic Balinese religious speculations. Owing to their isolated position and their numerical weakness, Muslim communities in Bali did not produce a flourishing litera ture. Probably several elements of Islamic religious culture which found expression in literary works in Java, such as mystic songs, eschatologie poetry and edifying books, were practically unknown in Bali, or they existed only in a rudimentary state. Under the present head manuscripts of Balinese origin containing various Islamic religious texts have been collected. Short didactic and speculative poems allegedly written by Tuwan Suméru (Sméru) are prominent in this group. Manuscripts containing relevant texts, also non-Islamic Javanese-Balinese texts showing some Muslim influence, have been registered in the General Index under the catchwords Islam (influence) and Muslim. 16.810 Krama Selatn, seventeenth century Javanese-Balinese prose treatise on Muslim theology and mysticism: cod. CB 63 (= prtf 43 b). 16.820 Javanese-Balinese didactic and spec ulative poems on Islam (Tuwan Sméru, Cowak): cod. 3640, 3862, 3895, 3920, 3925, 3933. 16.830 Compendiums of short speculative Javanese-Balinese poems with Muslim in fluence :