95

Javanese glosses (see 14.000, conclusion). Under the present head some manuscripts containing relatively old Javanese religious textbooks based on Arabic treatises have been collected. The popular Sittin, was ver sified, and so it was sometimes called a suluk, a song. Perhaps in some communities it was sung in the same manner as the mystical suluks which have been discussed under a previous head (14.900). In common Muslim religious instruction the distinction made between the creed and catechism on the one hand, and ritual and religious obligations on the other, is not very sharp. The two last-named elements of Islamic religion are considered by Muslim divines as belonging to fiqh, religious Law. The textbooks registered under the present head contain both catechism and fiqh instruc tion. Manuscripts containing relevant texts have been registered in the General Index under the catchwords catechism, salat, fast, Mecca. Common law also belongs to fiqh (according to Muslim religious tenets). In the present Synopsis such (according to modern scholarly notions) strictly juridical fiqh texts have been registered in Part Four, under law (48.000). 15.810 Old catechism and textbook of reli gious instruction, from Kudus: cod. 3050. 15.820 Notes on the creed and religious duties, Arabic and Javanese: cod. 4885, 5470, 5682, 5685-V, 5686, 5717, 5720, 5726, 7162, 7164, 7169, 7734 and 7773 (Sittin hasil), 7767 (Kifayatu ’l c Aw- wam), 8491 (Zawal al Mani c at, on men ses). 15.830 Catechism in verse, suluk Sittin: cod. 2000 (= 10.749).

15.840 Masa’il al-Muhtadi li Ikhwani ’1- Mubtadi, primer of religion, theology and fiqh: cod. 5748, 7478, 7749, 7772. 15.850 Masa’il, versified in quatrains : cod. 6550. 15.860 Notes on the rules of the Mecca pilgrimage, Rukun Haji: cod. 5730, 7036, 7177, 7758, 7778. 15.870 List of textbooks on Islam used in religious schools: cod. 7710. 16.000 Didactic treatises and poems on Islam (stillgroupC, 14.000). In the nineteenth century the Javanese text books of theology, ritual and religious law, which were translations of Arabic treatises, developed into independent Javanese books. In accordance with the Javanese literary custom of the time, many of those adapted religious textbooks were written in verse. In order to make a distinction between wordly belletristic poems written in so-called maca- pat metres and orthodox Muslim didactic poetry, sometimes a Malay metre was used for the latter kind (see 00060). The relation ship of Javanese Islamic literature with Malay writings became increasingly apparent in the nineteenth century, as interinsular communications were easy and frequent. Gradually the number of pilgrims to Mecca increased, and during the long passage and their stay in the holy land of Islam many Javanese learned to use Malay as the speci fically Indonesian idiom of international Islam. Under the present head primarily the works of Ahmad Ripaqi (ar-Rifa c I) of Kali