94

15.700 Orthodox Islam, Kur’an, Religious Instruction, Ritual and Theology (group C, 14.000).

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Islam became the accepted religion of a majority of the Javanese people, and in the course of time Indian religious concepts fell into the background. Probably in the be ginning the new religion appealed mainly to middle-class people, traders and artisans in towns and boroughs, and to followers of popular masters in religious lore residing in mandalas (afterwards called pondoks, see 14.000) . No doubt since the beginning of Javanese Islam textbooks of religious instruction have been in use, also in the pondoks of masters in mysticism. Kur’an recitation has always been an important element of religious prac tice. In the present Synopsis, texts connected with mysticism (group A: 14.010—15.300) and texts on prayers and incantations (group B: 15.500—15.600) have been given pre cedence of texts on common religious in struction (the present group C: 15700— 16.000) , merely because the two first-named groups are more characteristic of Javanese Islam, and more productive of typical Javan ese literary works, than the last-named group. Instruction in the difficult art of reciting the Arabic Kur’an süras has always been one of the elements of an orthodox Muslim religious education. In connection with the Kur’an study for ritual purposes, the holy text was also explained to- the pupils, and the manuscript was provided with interlinear Javanese glosses in the same manner as other Arabic texts. Editions of Javanese Kur’an translations are registered in Uhlen- beck’s “The Languages of Java” (p. 54).

In Voorhoeve’s “Handlist of Arabic Ma nuscripts” (1957, p. 277) many Kur’an codexes provided with Javanese interlinear glosses are registered. Relevant manuscripts have been listed in the General Index under the catchword Kur’an. Only the following codexes have been registered under the present head, on account of the more or less complete Javanese paraphrases of the Arabic text which they contain. 15.710 Kur’an paraphrases: cod. 2097, 2244 A-ll, NBS 118, BrKMA 6646. 15.800 Textbooks of Muslim religious instruction (still group C, 14.000). In pious Muslim circles in Java the Five Pillars of Islam, the creed, the salat, the fast, the pilgrimage to Mecca and the zakat have always been well-known. In reli gious schools the pupils were given instruc tion regarding these matters by means of textbooks, which as a rule were in Arabic. The pupil provided the text with Javanese interlinear glosses as he heard the master s explanation, or the textbook already had the glosses when the pupil received it. Among the most popular textbooks of this kind were the Sittin, primarily on religious duties, ritual etc., and the Samarkandi, a catechism, on the creed. In Voorhoeve’s “Handlist” (1957) many Arabic codexes of these and related texts, often beginning with Bayan, provided with Javanese interlinear glosses, are regis tered (p. 43 ff., p. 342 ff.). In the Synopsis of Javanese literature it is superfluous to enumerate all Arabic texts provided with