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F, 14.000). The last decades of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century are the period of a classical renais sance of Javanese literature in Surakarta (see 00020, the fourth era). The Court scholars of the Yasadipura family became prominent authors, mainly in the field of history (26.800 and 27.000) and Belles- Lettres (30.900). They were called pujan,gas, with an Old Javanese word (originally bu- ja^ga), referring to scholars of religious lore. In moralistic-didactic poetry the puja^ga influence is also apparent. Being primarily Court scholars, the pujav,gas’ moralistic-didactic poems mostly refer to courtiers. They reflect the morality of the classes of Royal servants, the nobil ity and the Royal Family of Surakarta of the beginning of the nineteenth century. Be side common moralistic lessons with a slight tinge of Islamic ethics, they contain also passages referring to statecraft and tactful behaviour. Some poems seem to be adap tations of older treatises dating from the beginning of the eighteenth century, or even from the seventeenth century. The proto type of the Séwaka was written in the be ginning of the Kartasura period, at the end of the seventeenth century (Poerbatjaraka, “Kapustakan Djawi”, 1952, p. 107). Ac cording to Javanese nineteenth century tra dition the original Sasana Prabu was written by carik Bajra in the Kartasura period. The moralistic-didactic poetry written by Court poets for worldly gentlemen was an offshoot of the older didactic texts of positive Islamic inspiration, Taju Salatin etc., which belong to the Pasisir culture (see 16.500). Meanwhile didactic books of the Taju Salatin type continued to be read in religious circles

through the nineteenth century. A division between moralistic-didactic books written for men of religion on the one hand, and for worldly gentlemen, priyayis, on the other, was not a novelty of the Islamic period. It existed already in pre-Islamic literature (see 13.200). In the nineteenth century, moralistic poems belonging to' the Surakarta pujaiyga literature were much studied in Central Java. No- doubt they were instrumental in spreading Surakarta Court manners and Court idiom all over the country. Thé Séwaka and the \Vula13 Rèh were published in Java as early as the middle of the nine teenth century. In Surakarta the Wulai) Rèh, written by King Paku Buwana IV himself, was particularly admired. Other moralistic texts ascribed to the Royal author are Wulatj Èstri, Wulatj Sunu and Wulaq Dalem (see Poerbatjaraka, “Kapustakan “Djawi”, 1952, p, 154). As a rule moralistic poems of this kind are found incorporated in compendiums. Manuscripts containing relevant texts have been registered in the General Index under the catchwords didactic, moralistic, Prabu Sasana, Sasana Prabu, Sasana (or: Sana) Sunu, Séwaka, IVulav, Rèh and Yasadipura. 17.610 Séwaka, on courtly behaviour, by Yasadipura I: cod. 1828 (compendium), NBS 57. 17.620 Séwaka turned into prose by Puspa Wilaga: cod. NBS 72 (compendium). 17.630 Séwaka, old Dutch translation, Sura karta 1816: cod. DFT S 240/280-31. 17.640 Sasana Sunu, Sasana Putra, by Yasadipura II: