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in kawi mirir, metres were written (see 00050). There was co-operation in the field of literature between the prince and Rai}ga Warsita (see 18.400). Tanda Kusuma, a member of the Maqkunagaran House, was the author of wayai} plays. The wayai} madya cycle of plays and the special wayai} madya puppets were inventions of authors and ar tists belonging to the Maqkunagaran Court (see 31.120). In consequence of the popularity of this literature, which was a second blossoming of the classical renaissance of letters in Sura karta, many books were published by local printers in Java. The collected poetical works of Maqku Nagara IV were re-edited in Surakarta between 1925 and 1935. A com pendium of poems dating from the last de cades of the nineteenth century and belonging to the school of Maiqku Nagara IV and Raqga Warsita has been registered under the present head. Many of them seem to> be copies of printed texts. 31.361 Surakarta anthology of poetry, Mai}- ku Nagara IV etc. cod. 8577. 31.380 Literary Charades and Popular Lyrics. Javanese poets of all periods have taken great delight in embel lishing their poems by various means. Rhyme and alliteration were regular elements of pioetry written in teqahan and macapat verse. Moreover a complicated kind of charades or enigmas based on assonance, was en vogue. A circumlocutary expression, an enigma, referred to a single word, often the name of a flower, a tree or a kind of fruit, and this word, by assonance or synonymity, sug gested another word, which was the solution.

In Javanese the name of the whole charade is wa^salan, a word which suggests turning round about. Perhaps the origin of this kind of playing with words is old. In the well- known Malay pantuns and in the related East Javanese parikans it is very much in evidence. So it is in popular poetry. In many poems belonging to the courtly, mannered genre, written in the eighteenth and nine teenth centuries, wav,salans are numerous. Some charades may have been known al ready in the pre-Islamic period (see 00060). Nineteenth century Court poets, especially epigones of the classical renaissance, took pleasure in inventing great numbers of in tricate wanyalans, using them currently in poems, which so became incomprehensible for outsiders unacquainted with the solutions. Finding solutions without having a clue is almost impossible. Dutch scholars of the time, intrigued by the war>,salan poetry, made collections provided with the solutions. Uhlenbeck (“The Languages of Java and “Madura”, 1964, p. 56) has registered several collections of wan,salans and riddles pub lished by Dutch scholars of the second half of the nineteenth century. Watysalans were often used to make erotic allusions. In Javanese literature of the eigh teenth and nineteenth centuries, and probably even before, lyric and erotic poetry almost invariable was couched in the imrysalan form. In the romantic poems of the time, belonging to the Panji cycle (30.870 ff.) and in the theatrical literature (31.210 ff.), occasionally lyrical stanzas filled with watysalans are in serted. A distinction should be made in Java nese literature between lyric and erotic poetry on the one hand, and erotic passages, often verging on the pornographic, on the other.