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fered slightly from the scales of the great instrumental ensembles called sléndro and pélog (see 42500). The tunes of macapat singing may be very old. It seems possible that the scales of old-fashioned macapat singing and children’s ditties were inter related. Macapat metres have their own Javanese names; several metres are even known under more than one name. Unlike the Sanskrit names of Indian metres, and kauri mirir} metres (see 00030), the original meanings of the words are either unknown or their connections with prosody are not clear. As neither Dutch nor Javanese authors paid much attention to the subject it seems appro priate to insert a note on the probable origin of some macapat metres in the present para graph. Some names of macapat metres refer to ancient relations with some poet or some poem, instrumental in making the metre known to the public. Dandaw, Gula, the name of one of the most used macapat metres, is a synonym of Dan dap Gëndis, the name of an ill-fated early thirteenth century King of Kadiri who was a scholar (see the present author’s “Java in the XIVth Century”, vol. IV p. 122). Another group of macapat metre names reminds one of titles of social and religious officials performing functions in pre-Islamic Javanese society. The officials are mentioned in Javanese literature. The metres and tunes may be descendants of incantations or songs, originally belonging to the ritual of cere monies, in olden times celebrated by the said officers as officiants. Panykur, the name of a well-known maca pat metre, is also the name of a group of

religious officials mentioned in some Old Javanese charters (see “Java in -the XIVth “Century”, vol. IV, p. 406). The name Mas Kumambar} might be con nected with permas, an officiant in some shamanisitic rites in Balinese popular reli gion. Kumambar}, floating, seems to indicate a characteristic feature of a shaman’s psychic experience. Gambuh, the name of another macapat metre, means experienced, expert. The word is used i.a. in connection with certain dances which occupied an important place in ancient Javanese communal festivals (see the present author’s “Javaanse Volksvertoningen”, 1938, p. 457). Sinom, the name of a fifth macapat metre, might be connected with sinoman, the tradi tional Javanese juvenile service of boys who assist the host at community meals. The word nom, young, is discernible in sinoman (see “Javaanse Volksvertellingen”, register, sub voce). The sinom metre and tune might contain reminiscences of the appearance and activities of the traditional juvenile service groups in communal festivities. Juru demur} (“master demup”) is the name of a metre belonging to the so-called ter}ahan group (see 00060). Demur} or demar} is an old word, indicating a rather impor tant managerial function. In Old Javanese literature demurs are mentioned at the Royal Courts. It is quite possible, though, that in the pre-Islamic period officials called demurs or demand were found also in the country-side. In some western districts of Java deman, was used as a title of an ad ministrative officer of medium rank. Perhaps, as in the case of par}kur, mas kumambar} and sinom, the {juru) demur} metres and