92

Indian origin, such as have been registered under one of the previous heads (12.000). These ancient pre-Islamic incantations were also occasionally used for magic purposes, just like the Arabic prayers. Under the present head manuscripts mainly containing non-obligatory Arabic prayers with Javanese translations or cap tions have been collected. A distinction has been made between compendiums of prayers for devotional religious practice (lauds, Arabic dhikr, Javanese dikir, and litanies, ratib) and collections of prayers which ap parently were used side by side with magic formulas. Occasionally in codexes belonging to the latter group Javanese incantations are mentioned. Even in collections of strictly religious Arabic prayers, Javanese incanta tions of a theologically doubtful character occur. Codexes containing mainly incanta tions in Javanese have been registered sep arately under the next head (15.600). As usual all manuscripts contain notes on various other subjects beside prayers. In Voorhoeve’s “Handlist of Arabic ma nuscripts” (1957), sub voce du c a, a great number of codexes containing prayers, writ ten in Java, are registered. Some are pro vided with Javanese notes or paraphrases. In that case they appear also in the present Synopsis of Javanese literature. Relevant manuscripts are registered in the General Index under the catchword prayer. 15.510 Arabic prayers with Javanese notes: cod. 5602, 5603, 5631 b, 5646, 5649, 5668, 6529, 6533, 7436, 7443, 7589 c, 7622 b, 7623, 7713, 7715, 7733, 7755, 7768, 7769, 8234, 8576, CB 29, AdKIT 2725/2, AdKIT 2725/3, AdKIT 2725/4, AdKIT 2725/6.

15.520 Notes on Arabic prayers and in cantations mixed with magic etc.: cod. 5001, 5465, 5600, 5617, 5618, 5619, 5654, 6571, 6575, 7186, 7398, 7424, 7450, 7483, 7493, 7494, 7536, 7707, 7744, 7757, 7760, 7775, 8575, 8618, CB 32. 15.600 Javanese incantations (still group B, 14.000). In the Islamic period of Javanese cultural history original Arabic or translated and adapted Arabic texts were dominant in the province of religion. In some fields remnants of pre-Islamic religious con cepts and customs survived, though. Survival of elements of pre-Islamic religion has al ready been mentioned in 14.200 with refer ence to old manuscripts written in so-called buda script. Belief in spirits, local guardians of dis tricts, patrons of children, etc. apparently was deeply rooted in the Javanese mind. It belonged to the indigenous sphere of thought, and it was often connected with ancestor worship. Incantations addressed to spirits, belonging to non-Islamic Javanese- Balinese literature, have been registered under 12.000. Probably local native spirits, and gods with Indian names, were not sharply distinguished in pre-Islamic Javanese and in Javanese-Balinese religion. In the Islamic period incantations ad dressed to spirits (lëlëmbut, danyai}) made their appearance in Javanese literature. These spirits seem to have more of a Central Javanese local character. Their names are seldom mentioned in Old Javanese and Javanese-Balinese literature. Probably their absence in incantations written down in the pre-Islamic period is a consequence of the East Javanese and Balinese origin of a con-