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time Old Javanese didactic and moralistic books, originally going back to Indian texts and maxims, developed into an important branch of literature. It is difficult to ascertain the age of the didactic and moralistic texts originating from the old books, or imitating them. Perhaps before 1500 A.D., roughly speaking, some of them already existed in writing. Most probable is the supposition that the majority is the work of Balinese authors living during the reigns of the Kings of Gèlgèl and Kluit)km}, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the present Synopsis a distinction is made between Javanese-Balinese didactic texts mainly referring to statecraft on the one side, and moralistic texts concerned with virtue on the other. The texts on statecraft, often called niti texts, were meant to be studied in the circles of rulers and courtiers. Part of the Old Javanese texts of Indian origin (Pancatantra cycle: 13.120, 13.130) was written for the same public. The purely moralistic texts appealed to religiously minded men and women in general. A similar distinction between didactic-moralistic literature written for wordly gentlemen, priyayis, on the one hand, and for men of religion on the other, is found in the Islamic period (see 17.600). Under the present head Javanese-Balinese wordly niti texts are collected. The con nection of that kind of texts with religion seems slight, but then in Javanese culture rulers and noblemen occupied an important place in the centre of human society, and so their behaviour was a model for all. Some Javanese-Balinese books of law which have been registered in Part Four of the present Synopsis (47.010) contain passages which

are related to the present niti texts. In the Islamic period of Javanese litera ture similar texts on statecraft were in evidence. Beside books originating from Old Javanese texts, comparable treatises of the genre of Mirror for Princes appeared. They were based on Islamic literature of Persian-Arabic origin. The texts on state craft of the Islamic period are discussed in 16.500 and 17.300. Manuscripts containing relevant texts are registered in the General Index under the catchword statecraft. 13.210 Niti Praya, Old Javanese or Javan ese-Balinese didactic prose treatise on state craft : cod. 3635 (= 4349), 4348 (= 10.413 = BCB prtf 3), 5049, 5066, 5183, 9361 (Krt 573), 9398 (Krt 663). 13.220 Niti Raja Sasana, didactic poem on statecraft: cod. 9449 (Krt 763). 13.230 Indra Loka, prose treatise on state craft and good behaviour: cod. 3685 (= 3951 = 10.429 = BCB prtf 5), 3746 (in verse, = BCB prtf 13 and 51), 3825 (= 4241), 3875 (= 10.429 — BCB prtf 5), 3937 (= BCB prtf 13). 5100, 9113 (Krt 57), 9194 (Krt 192a), 9271 (Krt 357), 9672 (Krt 1195 b), 9739 (Krt 1337, tutur, cosmogony). 13.240 Nawa Natya, Krama Nagara, Old Javanese prose treatise on good behaviour of courtiers: cod. 3868-11 (= BCB prtf 3), 3907-11 (= BCB prtf 8, Kaprajnan it) rakryan apatih Gajah Mada), 5091 (= BCB prtf 8), 9383 (Krt 624, Mantri Sasana), 9607 (Krt 1066, Krama Nagara). 13.250 Nawa Sasana nit) Ratu, prose trea-