Natural Objects. 10 foreign body, which it effccts by coating it with succcssive thin layers of the brilliant pcarly matter composing the inner lining of its shcll. The substance of which pcarls are formed is but carbonatc of lime, but its soft lustre is the rcsult of the varied reflection of light from the silky unevenness of its surfacc. Pearls are obtained from banks on the north-west coast of the island at the entrance to the Gulf of Manaar, where fisherics have been conducted at very irregular intervals from the carliest times by the Kandyan kings, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the British Govern ments. This and the salt manufacturc and trade are the sole monopolies remaining in the hands of Government. For reasons which have nevcr been clearly defined, the presencc of oysters on the pcarl banks at Aripu has always been a matter concerning which no rcliable information is obtainable, though the causes of their dis appearance aftcr having reached the age of two, three, and sometimes four years, are now pretty well establishcd, as they are known to bc destroyed in immense numbers by a voracious fish called the ray, or skate. When extremely young, they have sometimes disappearcd from the bank in a rcmarkablc marmer, and are supposed to have been buricd under shifting sands, or washed away by strong currents. Long intervals have frequently occurrcd between fisherics, the oyster not producing fine mature pcarls until its sixth year, when it is of full age. The value of a pcarl depends not merely upon its size, but on its approach to perfect rotundity and the clearncss and brilliancy of its silky white colour. In scasons of scarcity, the rcsult of few and small fisherics, fine pcarls of large size will rcalize from ,£2O to i,2CO cach, their marketable value being highcr in Asiatic countrics than clsewhere. There are no records showing the results of the pearl fisherics of Ceylon during the rule of the Portuguese in this island, which extended from the early part of the sixtcenth to the middle of the sevcntccnth century, but of the results of the Dutch fisherics there are ample details. From these it appcars that there were far longer periods of unproductiveness in that time than during British rule. Twice there were intervals of thirty years duration in which no oysters were taken from the banks, whilst in ordinary years the value of the pearls taken ranged from to ,£8,848. During the years, however, ending with 1749, the amount rcaliscd by the Dutch Government was£ 140,355, aftcr which there were no valuable fisherics until the island passed into the hands of the British, in a number of years none whatevcr. The bcttcr management of the fisherics, and the greater care bcstowed
Art Work. 100 6. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION. —Engravcd Brass Chattv (water-pot), 17. 7. Ditto, 17. 8. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Small Brass Plate, common bazaar wave, 2a. 9. Nambiliya, Brass Plate, furrowed on the insidc, used for sifting rice from the husk, common bazaar ware, ss. 10. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Engravcd Brass Chatty (water-pot), 17. 10». 11. Ditto, 17. lOs. 12. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Engravcd Brass Chatty, Tangalla, 27. 10». 13. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Engravcd Brass Chattv, Tangalla, 17. lOs. 14. Ditto, 17. 10». 15. Ditto, 17. 16. Ditto, 17. 17. Ditto, 17. 10». 18. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Engravcd Brass Cup. common bazaar ware, 2«. 19. Ditto, 2». 20. Plain Brass Plate, common bazaar ware, 2». 21. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Brass Areka Nut-Cutter, sa. 22. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Plain Brass Plate, common bazaar ware, 2a. 23. Ditto, 2». 24. Hifi r>, 3». 25. Ditto, 3». 26. Engraved Brass Basin, Tangalla, 7a. Gd. 27. Plain Brass Oil Veasel, common bazaar ware, 7». Gd. 28. Brass Vase, imitation European. 17. 29. Modelled Brass B common bazaar ware. 58. 30. Plain Brass Water-Pot. sa. 31. Ditto, 7a. Gd. 32. Model led Brass Bottlo, 6s. 33. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Engraved Water-pot. 17. 10». 34. Ditto, 17. 35. Ditto, 17. 36. Ditto, 17. 37. Ditto, 17. 10». 38. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Plain Brass Pot, used in oooking, common bazaar ware, 7». (ii 7. 39. Ditto, 78. 6(7. 40. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.— Engraved Bra-s Water-pot, 17. lOs. 41. Ditto, 1/. I2s. {'~!. 42. Ditto, 17. 43. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Plain Brass Kalle, common bazaar ware, 28, 44. Plain Brass Ppittoon, lOs. 45. Krass Hanging Kamp. 10». 48. Ditto, In». 47. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Plain Bra-s Water-pot, common bazaar ware, 28. Gd, 48. Brass Lamp, 15a. 49. Ditto, 158. 50. Engraved Brass Waterpot, Tan galla, 17. 51. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Engravcd tigure of Buddha, 17. 10». 52. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Plain Brass Pan, used in cooking, common bazaar ware, ss. 53. Engraved Brass Water pot, Tangalla, 15». 54. I'lain Brass Plate, common bazaar ware, 2s. 55. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Engraved Brass'Water-pot, 17. 15«. 56. Ditto, 17. 15». 57. Ditto, 17. 10». 58. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Modelled Brass Water-bottle, common village ware, 7». 6tt 59. I'lain Brass Plate, 2s. 60. Plain Hanging Brass Kamp. 5». 61. Plain Brass Bottle, ss. 62. Plain Brass Betel Stand. .",». 63. Plain Brass Water-pot, lOs. 64. Plain Brass Plate, Sa. 65. Engraved Brass Plate and Cover, 6a. 66. Ditto, ss. 67. Plain Brass Pan and Cover, used in cooking, 6». 68. Plain Brass Basin, 3s. 69. Plain Brass Spittoon, 6a. 70. Ditto, 8». 71. Plain Krass Water-pot, 5». 72. Engraved Brass Water-pot, 17. 73. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Brass figuro Buddha, 17. lOs. 74. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— I'lain Brass Chatty, standing on 3 cobras (Negombo), 2.V. 75. Brass Lime Box for Betel Chewing,common bazaar ware, 2». Gd, 76. Brass Betel Pounder, ss. 77. Brass Betel Cutter, ss. 78. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Engraved Brass Buddha (seated), lOs. 79. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— riain Brass Basin, common bazaar ware, 3s. 80. I'lain Brass Dieh, 3s. 81. Ditto, 3s. 82. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION—Engraved Brass Water-pot, 17. lOs. 83. Ditto, 17. 10s. 84. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Plain Krass La 11e, common bazaar ware, 3s. 85. I'lain Brass Spoon, common bazaar ware, le. 86. Betel Cutter, common bazaar ware, bcll metal, 2». 87. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Figuro of Bv Idha. (Not for sale.) 88. Ditto. (Not for tab .) Brass, Cnpper and Silnr. 89. A. C. GUNATILAKA, Muda liyar.— Box to eontain Lime for Betel Chewing. (Nol for sale.) 90. MADUWANWALA BANDA.— Box to eontain Lime for Betel Chewing. (Nol for sale.) 91. Ditto. (No! for sale.)
Art Work\ 101 92. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Box to contaiu Limo for Betel Chewing. (A'ot for sale.) 93. Chembu, or Water-pot, SI. 10a. 94. Ditto, 37. 10». 95. Ditto, 37. 10». 96. Ditto, 37. 10». 97. Ditto, 37. 10». 98. Ditto, 37. lOs. 99. Sir J. R. LONGDEN, K.C.M.G. —Water-pot. (Not for sale.) 100. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION— Water-pof, 37. 10». 101. Ditto, 37. 10». 102. i Ditto, 37. 10». 103. Ditto, 'M. 10». Section 3. Carvings other than Metal Work. [J. and L.] The exhibits under this section include three distinct varieties of carved work, all of which are characteristic of Sinhalese art. {a). Ivory [J.]. —The first of these is carving in ivory, and among the loan exhibits are some whose historygives them a pcculiar interest, they having formed part of the loot from the king's palace in Kandy .when that town was finally captured by the British. Of this ancient work Nos. I, 2, and 3 are spccially notcworthy. Another interesting exhibit is that of ivory scent-sprinklers; the art of making these is a secret confined to one family of ivory-workers in the Kcgalla district of the Kandyan country. The bottles are formed out of one piece of ivory, hollowcd out until the sides are exceedingly thin, and yield to pressure when squeezed. A more modern art is that which is illus trated by the Colombo and Galle workers in ivory. The craftsmen work usually in the ivory of the clephant's molar tooth, not in tusk ivory, the Ceylon elephant rarcly having tusks. The best exhibit of this work is in Case F, No. 18. The manncr in which the natives cut the sections of the molar tooth is shown in a drawing placed in front of the ivory exhibits in Case K, of which sketch the following is the description : — The mode of operation is certainly very primitive, but most efficiënt, at the same time, for the purpose required. The instruments employed, as will be scen, are simple. There is first a long narrow plate of iron, A, shaped like a saw, 40 inches long, 2 b broad, and inch thick, the two ends of which being fixed to wooden handles, it is drawn between two men upon the tooth, as in sawing. The edges of this instrument are round, and before use, one of the edges is indented herc and there with a blunt knife, E. The instrument is placed on the convex side of the tooth, one-third of an inch below the enamel of the tooth, as shown in the section F. Garnet sand mixed with water is put along the cutting edge by a boy as the instrument is being drawn, until the section is completcd. A wooden frame, B, is fixed to the ground for the purpose of keeping the tooth unmoved
Art Work. 102 while being sawn, as seen upon the board C, which is done by means of a long stick, D, extending from the top of the frame and pressing down upon the tooth, which is placed laterally. The board is 18 inches long and 7 broad, and tied to pegs with coir rope. The cut sections are polished by being rubbcd upon a smooth granitc stone with garnet sand and water. When cut and polished, the section shows beautifully the complex structure of the tooth—the cement, cnamcl, dentine, in their successive layers. {b). Carvings iv Coconut Shell [L.]. —This delicate and beautiful work is produced by a few carvers on the coast from Colombo to Galle, mainly at Kalutara. The workers have many difficultics to contend with, as the coconut shell cannot bc bent or altered in shape, and is at the same time hard to carve. {c). Carvings iv Ebony and other Woods [J. and L.]. —The low country Sinhalese, espccially of certain sea-board villages round Colombo and Galle, are excellent carpenters and cabinct-makers, and many of them are capable of turning out first-ratc work. The exhibits in fumiture, cspecially the calamander and ebony cabincts, are sufficiënt illustration of this ; but as these are catalogued under a separate section (9), smaller articles only, not articles of furniture, are enumerated below. Of these special attention should be drawn to the claborate work on No. 82 (placed on the top of Case C), which in design and finish is very typical of the Ceylon cabinct-maker's work. A. Ivory Oorring. [K] 1. THE RT. HON. SIR W. H. GREGORY, K.C.M.G.—Carved Ivory Casket. (Not for sale.) This casket was taken at the eapt ure of Kandy and was formerly the property of tho Queene of Kandy. 2. CAPTAIN M. W. SKINNER.— Carved Ivory Fan Handle of the King of Kandy. 3. Carved Ivory Scent Bottle. (Not for sale). Taken at the capture of Kandy. 4. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT, Kégalla.—Carved Ivory Eau Handle. 5. Ditto. (Not for sale). 6. J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Carved Ivory Plaque. 7. Ditto. (Not for sale.) 8. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Carved Ivory Plaque. (Not for sale.) 9. B. GOMEZ.—Very Old Carved Ivory Figure of a Kandyan Chief. (Not for sale.) 10. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Carved Ivory Scent Bottle. (Nol for snle.) 11. SIRC. P.LAYARD, K.C.M.G.— Carved Ivory Scent Bottle. 12. Ditto. (Not for snle.) 13. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT, Kégalla.—Carved Ivory Scent Bottle. (Not for sale.) 14. EKNELIGODA DISAW.— Ivory Torn Torn (drum). 15. Ditto. 16. Carved Ivory Fan Handle. (Not for sale.) 17. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT, Kégalla.—Carved Ivory Fan Handle. 18. Ditto. 19. Coconut Élower. 20. Carved Ivory Box. (Not for sale.) 21. D. C. DE SILVA.—Pair of Ele phants on stands, 3/. 22. Ditto, 27. 23. CAPT. M. H. SKINNER, R.E.— Pair Karge Ivory Elephants on Stands. (Sot for sale.)
Art Work. 103 24. D. C. DE SILVA.—Pair Large Ivory Elephants (without stands), 127. 25. D. D. DE SlLVA.—lvory Book Box, silver mountcd, 107. 26. D. C. DE SlLVA.—Upper Tooth of a Grown Elephant, 17. 8». 27. Opper Tooth of a Grown Elephant cut in sections, 11». 28. GOVERNMENT AGENT, Galle. —Knil'e and Style in ivory Handle, ss. 29. D. C. DE SlLVA.—lvory Knife Handles (12), 12s. 30. A. JAYAWARDANA, Muda liyar—Small Ivory Dagoba, 10». 31. Ivory Needie Holder, LOs. 32. D. P. DE SlLVA.—lvory Casket bound in silver, 107. 33. RATNAVIBUSANA VID HANA.—Areka Nut Tournier, in ivory and silver, 47. 34. CAPT. M. W. SKINNER, R.E. —Part of an Ivory Eau. (Nol for tab ■) 35. D. C. DE SILVA.—Box of Tooth Ivory. 36. Box of Tooth Ivory, Broken, 17. 4«. 37. A. C. GUNATILAKA, Muda- Uyar.—Back Scratcbcr. (Not for sale.) 38. J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Carved Ivory Figure of Buddha. (Not for sale.) 39. A. JAYAWARDANA, Muda liyar.—lvory Water Box, 7». 6(7. 40. D. C. DE SILVA.—Lower Tooth of Grown Elephant, 4». 41. Lower Tooth of Young Elephant, 5». 42. Sections of an Elephanfa Jaw (6), 12». 43. C. H. DE SOYSA, Esq.—Coco nut Flower. (Not for sale.) 43a. RIGHT HON. SIR W. H. GREGORY, K.C.M.G.—Carved Ivory Plaque. (Not for snle.) 43b. Ditto. 43c. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Ditto. (Not for sale.) [18. Case F.] D. P. DE SILVA.— Ivory box mountcd iv gold, 707. B. Coconut Shell. [L.] 44. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT, Kégalla.—Cnved Coconut Shell ou paintcd stand. 45. Carved Coconut Shell on stand, figures of auimals in relief. (Not for sale.) 46. MISS EMERSON TENNENT. —Carved Coconut Shell, silver mountcd, with silver Buddha on top, 6SZ. 47. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Carved Coconut Shell with handle. (Not for sale.) 48. MISS EMERSON TENNENT. —Carved Coconut Shell of peculiar shape. (Not for sale.) 49. SINHO NAlDE.—Carved Coconut Shell, 17. 50. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Carved Coconut Shell. (Not for sale.) 51. SINHO NAlDE.—Carved Coeouut Shell, 37. 52. CAPTAIN BAYLEY.—DoubIé Coconut Shell, carved in Ceylon. (Not for sale.) 53. SINHO NAlDE.—Buttle, of Carved Coconut Shell, 14a. 54. Toast Back, 10». 55. Milk Jug, 10». 56. Cup and Saneer, 10». 57. Teapot, 11». 58. Salt Geiler, 6a. 59. Sugar Basin, 6s. 60. Kuiler Dish, 68. 61. WineGlass, 6». 62. Tumbler, S». 63. Egg Cup, 6a. 64. Cruet Stand, 17.5». Making a breakfast set for one persen. 65. SINHO NAlDE.—Carved Coconut Shell on stand, 37. 66. A. J. FERNANDO.—Carved Co conut Shell on stand, 37. 67. CHARLES DE SOYSA.—Carved Coconut Shell on stand. (Not for sale.) 68. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT, Kégalla. — Carved Coconut Shell ou paiuted stand. (Not for sale.) 69. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Carved Coconut Shell on stand. (Not for sale.) 70. A. J. FERNANDO.—Lotus Plant made out of coconut shells, 37. 71. A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Carved Coconut Shell and stand. (Not for sale.) C. Ebony and other Woods. [J. H. I. & C.} 72. MISS SKINNER.—Pair of small Ebony Elephants. (Notfvr sale.) 73. D. C. DE SILVA.—Pair of large Ebony Elephants with Mahouts 12 inches high, KW. 74. F. R. SAUNDERS, Esq.—Tama rind Tortoise, 27. 75. Ebony Tortoise 27.
Art Work. 104 76. W. H. RAVENSCROFT, Esq.— Pair of very large Ebony Elephants. (Not for sale.) 77. D. C. DE SlLVA.—rair of large Ebony Elephants with Mahouts 10 inches high, 97. 78. C. P. DE SOYSA, Esq.—Ebony Coconut Palm, 107. 79. Ebony Kitul (or Jaggery) Pulin, 207. 80. D. REID, Esq.—Ebony Elephant with Howdah and Mahout. (Nol for sale.) 81. M. H. KURE.— Ebony carved Pine apple Plant, 57. 82. DON POLOLIS.—Ebony Carved Frame, 257. 83. GOVERNMENT AGENT of Southern Province. —Carved Box, 157. 84. A. WISE, Esq.—Large Carved Ebony Box. Section 4. Tortoise Shell. [C. and L.] This industry is a very important one among the tradesmen of Colombo and Galle: the shell of the turtle {Caretta imbricatd) is imported chiefly from the Straits and the Maldive Islands, and is manufacturcd into a variety of useful and omamental articles mainly in the villages round Galle. The principal dealers in tortoise shell exhibit an excellent and extensive collection of their work. The yellow variety of tortoise shell is obtained from the claws of the animal, the material being fused together, and is very highly prized among the comb-wearing Sinhalese, who pay a high price for the best qualities of combs. MISS EMERSON TENNENT.—Box with gold mountings. (A'of for sale.) MISS SKINNER.—Round Box mounted in silver. (Not for sale.) G. M. POWLER, Esq., C.C.S.—Box formed of a whole tortoise shell. (Not for sale.) ARNOLD DIAS.—Box formed of a whole tortoise shell, 87. ANDREW SILVA.—Box formed of a whole tortoise shell, 67. GOVERNMENT AGENT, Southern Province. —Box mounted in silver, 207. D. D. DE SILVA.—GoId Mounted Box, 307. D. F. DE SlLVA.—Exhibits iv " claw " (yellow) tortoise shell (such as paper cutters, comba, gold mounted braeelets), 157. ANDREW SlLVA.—Exhibits in tor toise shell worked into a variety of designa, 39 pieces, 2107. 4s. DON ADRIAN WIJEYANARA YANA.—Exhibits in tortoise shell worked into a variety of designs, 55 pieces, 2027.195.7(7. P. L. ALLIS HAMY.-Exhibits in tor toise shell worked into a variety of designs, 30 pieces, 777. lOs. [N.B. —Detailed lists of the articles shown by the last four exhibitors, with priccs, are in the hands of Mr. Hayward, the officer in charge of' tho Gen, Department, who is authorised to book orders, receive inoney, and issue receipts.] Section 5. Porcupine Quill Work—from Galle. [L.] D. F. DE SlLVA.—Writing Desk, 37. Pair of Book Cases, 17. Basket, 10». Ditto, 10». Ditto, 15a. Small Work Box, 15». Cigar Box, 2s. Glove Box, 88. Inlaid Box, 15s. MISS SKINNER.—( I lovo Box. Inlaid Booksiand. (Not for sale.)
Art Work. 105 Section 6. Lace, &c. [D.] The lace industry in Ceylon dates back to the P.ortugucsc, who introduced the art among the Sinhalese converts in the ncighbourhood of Galle and Colombo. There is no great originality in the Ceylon work, the patterns being mostly borrowcd from Maltese and Irish laces ; the work, however, although unfortunately usually donc in poor matcrial, is cheap and durable, and sometimes is exceptionally good, both in design and workmanship. The principal seats of the industry are near Galle, at Cotta near Colombo and at Negombo. MISS A. E. FERGUSON— Exhibits in Galle and Cotta Lace and Darned Net, total value 36/. E. P. DINES HAMY.— Galle Lace, total value 207. U. L. JUAN DE SILVA.— GaIIe Lace, 607. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Cotta Lace, total value, 5/. Coloured Lace from Negombo. CHURCH MISSION SCHOOL, Buona Vista. —Antimacassar. MISS FERGUSON. — Embroidcred Screen worked from Nature from flowers com mon iv Colombo Gardens, in frame of native workmanship, 207. MRS. J. FERGUSON.— Embroidcred Coconut Flowers (from Nature). [For particulars of tho above, application should be made to Mr. Hayward, in charge of tho Gein Collection.] Section 7. Lacquer Work. The art of lacqucring is carricd on in the interior of Ceylon to a limitcd extent, and has remained stcreotyped for many gencrations. The brilliantly-colourcd laqucred spear shafts and sticks from Kandy, rr.ostly contributed through the agencies of the Kandyan Art Asso ciation, have been utilised in decorating the walls of the Court. Similar lacquer work is exhibited in the Maldives collection [M], and is described under Section 6 of Class VIII. At Tangalla, in the Southern Province, lacquer work is employed mainly for toys or articles of furniture ; the gaudy colouring of these exhibits from Tangalla is noticeablc in rcar of case J. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON, Kandy District. —Lacquer Sticks, Speer ahafts, &c. Tangalla District.— Tables, Cliairs, Toys. Price 47. A. JAYAWARDANA, Muda liyar.—(l'ainted woodware). A standing Buddha in attitude of benediction, 27. lOs. A sedcnt Buddha, 27. 10». A recumbent Buddha, 27. 10«.
106 Art Work. Section 8. Pottery. [J.] Two classes of Pottery are met with in Ceylon. The common village Pottery used by the natives is made in the maritime Provinces, cspccially in the ncighbourhood of Colombo (Kaduwella and Han wella), and Matara (Dondra Head). This pottery is extremely porous, and has the advantage of thoroughly cooling its contents. It is rarcly much ornamented. The other class is the Painted Pottery of Kandy which is made for ornament only. The clay is of a special kind found in a few places, and is very carefully bakcd. The pattern is carcfully drawn in pcncil. The paints used are of the commonest native sorts pur chascd in the bazaar. Thcy are mixed with " kepitiya" resin (from the shrub Croton lucifcrum), and laid on with primitive brushes made of the awns of a common waysidc grass {Aristida adscensionis). Two or three layers of paint are used in the best specimens, and the whole is varnishcd with the milky juice from the Jack fruit. The art is a modern devclopmcnt of the old tile-painting and tcmple decoration. A. — Kandyan Painted Ware. THE KANDYAN ART ASSOCIATION. 1. Painted (Ihatty (water-pot and cover), 6s. 2. Painted Chatty, 3». 6d. 3. Painted Chatty and Cover, G». 4. Painted Chattv. 1». 5. Ditto, 4s. 6. Ditto, 2«. 7. Painted Chatty and Cover, 6s. 6(7. 8. Painted Chatty, 5». 9. Painted Chatty and Cover, 4» 6(2. 10. Painted Chatty, 5». 0(7. 11. Ditto. 2a. '12. Painted Lamp, 7s. 6(7. 13. Painted Gurulote, or Goglet, 7». 14. Painted Chatty and Cover, 4». Gd. 15. Painted Gurulote, or Goglet, 3». 16. Painted Chatty. Sa. 6,7. 17. Painted Plaque, Sinhalese liou with elephant head, 6». 18. Painted Plaque, figure of a king, 3e. 19. Painted Gurulote, or Goglet, 2a. 6(7. 20. Ditto, 4s. 21. Ditto, 86a. Gd. 22. Painted Chatty, 7». 6(7. 23. Ditto, 2e. Gd. (Brok ».) ' 24. Painted Chatty and Cover. 5». 25. Ditto, 3». 26. Ditto, 0». 27. Ditto, 5». 28. Ditto. 5». 29. Ditto, ss. 30. Ditto, 7s. Cd. 31. Painted Chattv and over, 5». 32. Ditto. 4s. 33. Ditto, 10». 34. Ditto, ss. 6(7. 35. Painted Lamp, -1». 36. Painted Chatty and Cover, 7». 6(7. 37. Painted Plate, 4». 38. Painted Chatty, 4a. 39. Ditto, 5». 40. Painted Chatty and Cover, 4». 41. Ditto, 6». 6(7. 42. Ditto, 7». Gd. 43. Painted Chatty, 4s. 44. Gurulote, or watei--bottle,2s. 45". Painted Plaque, 3 Tom tom beaters, 6». 46. Painted Plaque, 2 devil dancers, 6». 47. Painted I'laquc, 2». (Brokt u.) 48. Painted Plate with Handles, 7a. 49. Painted Chatty, with Handles, 4». 50. Ditto, 2a. Gd. (Breken.) 51. Painted Chatty with Cover, 7». 52. Painted Round Plaque (with Han.-a), 5». 53. Painted Chatty and Cover, 7». 54. Ditto, 58. 55. Painted Kottale, or drinking vcssei, 2». 6<7. 56. Painted,Plaque, Sacred Hanßa, 7s. 57. Painted Plaque, Sacred Liou, 4s. 58. Plaque, Sacred Lion, 7s. 59. Ditto, 7a. 60. Ditto, 7». 61. Ditto, 7s. 62. Ditto, 7». 63. Ditto, 7«. 64. Ditto, 7». 65. Ditto, 7». 66. Painted Plaque, 7a. 67. Painted Plaque, 7 danciug-girls in shape of a horse, Ba. 68. Painted Plaque, 6». 69. Ditto, 7s. 70. Ditto, 1». (Sold.) 71. Ditto, 7». 72. Ditto, 7». 73. Painted Plaque, 4 dancing girls in form of thrine of Budda, 7». Nos. 58 to 73 illustrate a I'erahera or Buddbist procession iv Kandy. 74. Painted Plaque, 6». 75. Ditto, ss.
Art Work. 107 78. Painted Gurulote, or water bottle, 6s. 77. Painted Roof Ornament, 10». 78. Painted Round Plaque, 5». 79. Painted Plaque, 5». 80. Plaque showing Dewale Perahera, 10». 81. I'laquo showiug Kandy Perahera, 7». 82. Painted Gurulote, or water bottle, sa. 83. Painted Jar, with top, 10». 84. Round Painted Plaque, sa. 85. Painted Jar, with top, 7». 86. Painted Betel Jar, 7». 87. Painted Roof Ornament, 17. 88. Ditto, 17.89. Chatty Ornament, 4». 90. Ditto, 1». 91. Painttd Plaque, representing a Pera hera, 7». 92. Ditto, 7». 93. Ditto, 7». 94. Ditto, 7». 95. Ditto, 4». 96. Ditto, 7«. 97. Ditto, 7». 98. Ditto, 7». 99. Ditto, 8». 100. Ditto, Ss. 101. Ditto, 0». MRS. A. N. BIRCH. 102. Painted Tlaque. representing a Pera hera. 103. Ditto. 103 a. Ditto. (Not for sale.) RIGHT HON. SIR W. H. GREGORY, K.C.M.G. 129. Large Chattv. 130. Ditto (slightly broken.) 131. Chatty and Cover. 132. Small Chatty. 133. Gurulote and Top. 134. Vase. 135. Ditto. 136. Ditto. (Not for sale.) Fottery from the district of Kuruncgala, lent by S. JAYATILAKA, Mudaliyar, and exhibited by the RIGHT HON. SIR W. EL GREGORY, K.C.M.G. 137. Plate. 138. Ditto. 139. Ditto. 140. Ditto. 141. Ditto. 142. Ditto. 143. Small Plate. (Not for sale.) B. — Village Pottt nj. CEYLON GOVERNMENT. 104. Gurulote, walor-bottle and stand, 2s. 105. Kalagediva, chatty, or water-pot, 1«. 108. Betel jar, 2». 107. Kalagodiya, chatty, or water-pot, 1». 108. Cup aud saueer, Is. 109. Kalagediya, or toy-chatty, 1». 110. Gurulote, toy water-bottle, 18. 111. Basin, Is. 112. Plate, Is. 113. Cup and Saueer, 1». 114. Gurulote, water-bottle and stand, 2». 115. Kalagediya, chatty, or water-pot, Is. 116. Gurulote, water-bottle, 1». 6d. 117. Kalagediya, chatty or water-pot, 1». 118. Money-box, Is. 119. Bulat-heppenda, or betel stand, with imitation betel leaf, areca nut, and nut cutter, 3». 120. Gurulote water-bottle and stand, 2a. 121. Kalagediya, chattv or water-pot, Is. 122. Chattv, for baking, 2». 123. Ditto, Is. 124. Ditto, Is., 125. Toy Chattv, or water-pot (children's toy), Is. 126. Ditto, 1». 127. Toy Gurulote, or water-bottle, ditto, la. 128. Old omamented Chatty. (Sol for sale.) Section 9. Furniture. [H, L] The exhibits under this section, arranged for the most part in two groups, deserve special attention, both as specimens of the magnificent cabinet woods grown in Ceylon, and as proofs of the ability of the Sinhalese as carvers and cabinet makers. {Sec Class IV. Section 9.) The Ceylon Court is mainly indebtcd to the public spirit of Mr. C. H. De Soysa for the adequate representation of Ceylon cabinet work, the most bcautiful and highly finishcd of the cabinets having been lent by him. CH. DE SOYSA, Esq., J.P.—(l) A very elaborately-carved Cabinet in Cala mandcr wood. (2) A Cabinet in Calamandcr wood. (3) Ditto. (4) Flower Stand in Cala mandcr wood. (5) Two Stands for tusks, carved in Calamandcr wood. (6) Case for an ivory coconut flower in Calamandcr wood. (7; Casket (containing a water sapphire) in Calamandcr wood. (8) Small Cabinet, with drawers, in Kadumberiya wood. (9) llouud Table made of Tamarind wood. (10) Two Sot'as and six Chain iv Tamarind wood. (11)
Art Work. 108 Fern Stand for tusks, carved in Tamarind wood. (12) Minutely-carved Cabinet and Table in ebony. (13) Ten Chairs of various Dutch and Indian designs, carved in ebony. (14) Six Stands for tusks, carved in ebony. (15) S. R. PONSEKA, Esq.—Antiquo high-backcd Chair, carved in ebony. (16) S. MORAES, Esq.—Solid high backed Sofa, carved in ebony. (17) CHARLES DE SILVA, Muda liyar. Cabinet in Calamander wood, 807. (18) W. H. RAVENSCROPT, Esq. —Small Cabinet in Calamander wood. (19) F. R. SAUNDERS, Esq.—Round Table made of ebony and inlaid Ceylon woods. (20) Carved Flower Stand in ebony. (21) A. C. LAWRIE, Esq.—Long Chair carved in ebony. (22) H. L. DANIEL.— OvaI Table Tops, inlaid with various Ceylon cabinet woods. (23) J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Footstool made from tho root of a jungle tree. (24) SIR C. P. LAYARD, K.C.M.G.— Small Satin wood Table. (25) INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL Kandy. —Small inlaid round Table. Section io. Arms. [E, F, K, and Walls.] Therc is very little variety about the weapons of the Sinhalese. The maritime districts, having been for a long time under the domi nation of European Governments, have ccased to possess destructive weapons, while among the Kandyans there is much uniformity in the form and pattern of swords, daggers and spear heads, none of which are of any great antiquity. Besides these weapons, the Kandyans in their continuous collisions with the conquerors of the low-country used guns and cannons ; the latter captured in their campaigns against the Portuguese and the Dutch, and the former made by their own smiths, who are acknowledged by the Dutch to have been adepts at the art of gun-making. The Kandyan swords and knivcs, of which there are many execed ingly good exhibits, are noticcablc for the claborate chasing on hilt and sheath. Several of the exhibits are of historie interest. The gold knife shown by Mr. Casic Chitty was the property of Molligodde Adigar, the representative of the most powerful family among the Kandyans at the time of the final collision with the English at the beginning of this century. One of the swords exhibited by Mr. Hollocombc was last used in action at the massacre of the English detachment bctrayed by Major Davey at Lewala (the Ferry of Blood) in 1803, the only serious reverse suffercd by the English at the hands of the Kandyans. In Case E. C. H. DE SOYSA, J.P.— Sword and Belt of office for rank of Mudaliyar, gold, very richly set with precious stones. In Case F. J. C. CASIE CHITTY.— Gold Knife and Sheatli, set witli rubies, formerly tho property of Molligodde Adigar.
Art Work 109 MISS EMERSON TENNENT.— Geld Knife aud Sheath, mounted with uncut rubies, 577. 15e. RATWATTE, R.M. of Pata Dum bara.—Ciold Knife and Shiath. J. HOLLOCOMBE, Esq. — Ricbly carved Kandyan Sword, silver inlaid with gold. Riohly carved Kandyan Sword, inlaid weiled. Bichly carved Kandyan Sword, silver ehased. A. C. GUNATILAKA, Mudaliyar.— Sword and Kelt of office belonging to rank of Mudaliyar. In Case K. A. C LAWRIE, Esq.—Collection of Kandyan Swords and Knives. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT, Kégalla District.—Collection of Kandyan Swords aud Knives. The RIGHT HON. SIR W. H. GRE GORY, K.C.M.G.—Three Kandyan Swords with silver ehased hilts and seabbards. E. R. GUNARATNA, Attepattu Mudaliyar.—Two silver ehased Swords and Seabbards. A. JAYAWARDANA, Mudaliyar.— Sword of Office. Sword with Elk hom handle. S. D. MAHAWALATENNE.—SiIver mounted Scimitar. C. M.LUSHINGTON, Esq., C.CS.— Ancient Kandyan Sword. WIMALASURENDRA MUHAN DIRAM.—SiIver Kandyan Sword. THE ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT, Ratnapura.—Two Kandyan Swords with silver ehased bilt and scabbard, aud ono Kandyan Knife. H. L. DASSENAIKE, Attepattu Mudaliyar of Colombo. —Two Kandyan Kuives. MISS EMERSON TENNENT.— Silver mounted Dagger with silver sheath, 477. sa. Silver mounted Dagger without sheath, 127. Silver and gilt Dagger with silver ehased sheath, 367.15». Ditt i (smaller), 317. 10». Kandyan Sword with torloise-shell bilt aud scabbard, 57. ss. Ditto, 57. 5». Ditto (smaller), 37. 3s. ANDRIS HAMY, Headman of the Smiths at Matara.—Engraved Knife with silver mounted haudle. (For sale.) KANDYAN ART ASSOCIATION. —Two Speur Heads in brass, oopper, and silver. (For sale.) GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON, Kégalla District. —Cap Gun made in four korles. Two Flint Guus. Kurunegala District. —Cap Gun made in seven korles. CLASS VII. FIXE ARTS AND EDUCATION. Section i Paintings, Drawings, Prints. [Walls and Sereens.] This heading includes such very diverse matcrial as the Kandyan paintings with which the walls are clccoratcd, an Oriental art which stands out unique in modern India, a large series of paintings of the country, including studies of the pcople, and the monumental remains of the ancient capital, as well as views of the vegetation, and the mountain views for which Ceylon is famous. There are besides careful botanical studies from the Peradeniya gardens, and some old pictures of Ceylon at the earlier parts of the century.
Natural Objects. 11 °n the Aripu banks, led to very important fisherics during the first three years of the ncw administration, when the total value of the fisherics was as much as £582,347. From that period to the year 1809 the value of the fisheries ranged from £18,696 tO;£ 5 7,063, whilst in 1814 it was as much as £87,045. Thenceforward there was a gradual nrcgular decline, to £38,207 in 1835, £23,555 in the following year, and to £9,397 in 1837, after which there was a long break, extending to 1855, without fisherics. From that date to the present time the amounts realised by eleven fisherics have reached a sum of about £216,000, after deducting the expenses attending the proceedings. The prices realised for the oysters, which are sold by public auction on the spot in lots of suitablc sizes, vary considerably, according to the demand and to the size of the pearls. Thus, in 1880, twenty-five millions of oysters realised only being at the rate of 15.?. Bd per thousand ; in the following year, howcver, not only was there more competition, but the oysters being fully maturcd, containcd target pearls, and sold at the rate of £3 $s. per thousand, eighteen millions of oysters fetching £ 59,868. There is a prospect of a good pcarl-fishery in 1888.* The shells of the pearl oystcr (Avicula fncata) shown are invarious stages of growth from one month to six years, at which age they are considered to be mature. There are also shown in bottles cxamplcs of the young " spat," or earlicr stages of life. After the sixth year the life of the mollusc is very uncertain, though such as live to their seventh year are invariably found to contain pearls of larger size than when at the previous stage. These shells were taken from the banks off Silavatturai on the north-west coast of the island in the ordinary course of diving operations. When burnt they make a lime which is highly prized by the nativcs ; but unfortunatcly for any chance of utilising them, the locality of the pearl fisheries is so remote from eentres of population as torender the cost of trans- Porting them greater than their commercial value. Some years ago a quantity of these shells was shipped to England in the hope that the mother-o'-pearl lining might give them a value sufficiënt to leave a small profit on the transaction, but the rcsult was a disappointment. At Silavatturai there are vast accumulations of the débris of oyster shells, the results of many previous fisherics ; and when it is remem bered that in some years as many as forty millions have been taken Por an account of the mode of fjshing for pearls, sec under Class V., Section z (p. 84).
Fine Arts. 110 The Kandyan paintings form a frieze round the Court at a height of some fifteen feet from the ground, and attract attention from their bold colouring and fantastic drawing. These pictures, as is the custom with the Kandyan artists, are painted in a series to illustratc a story from beginning to end : the subject on the right hand side as the Court is entered from the porch is a Buddhist proecssion, or Perahera, such as is held in the full moon of August with great pomp and circumstance in Kandy. On the left is portraycd the history of the Gantama Buddha in a former life, in which the Buddha was bom as a virtuous prince, who by dint of his forcible exposition of the divine doctrine (hence the titlc of the story the Devidamma Jataka) converted a demon into a devout and respectablc dcity. This talc has a special interest as showing the marmer in which the local supcr stitions of the pcople have been incorporated into the Buddhist story, and as accounting for the parallel worship of local tutelary deities by the side of the philosophical Buddhism. Further along the same sidc of the wall and along the western end is painted the Vessantara Jataka, the story of the last of the five hundred and fifty lives of the Buddha bcforc he was bom in the life in which he finally attained Buddhahood. Miss Gordon Cumming's pictures, a sclection from many made during her travcls in the island, speak for thcmsclvcs. The views are those most characteristic of Ceylon as it now is in its various parts and climatcs. The botanical drawings exhibited near the planting cases are executed by W. de Alwis, draughtsman to the Royal Botanie Gardens, Peradeniya, one of a family noted for their artistic skill, who have produced as their joint labour an extensive series of beautiful and accurate botanical drawings of the Ceylon flora, one of the chief treasures of the gardens. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Three series of Kandyan Picture Stories. W. DE ALWIS. —Coloured drawings of tbc principal estate producta of Ceylon : Tea, cofl'ee, Liberian coffec, cacao, cardamoms, clovcs, and nutmegs. Sir O. P. LAYARD, K.C.M.G.— A painting of the flower of the coconut palm; aud a series of elevcn coloured drawings of Old Ceylon. MISS NORTH.— Four pictures of Kandy and Colombo. MISS C F. GORDON CUMMING. —55 paintings of Ceylon, as described below. 1. The Gal-Vihare, or Rock Temple, at Pollonnaruwa. Within the temple is a rock cut figure of Buddha, height 4 feet 7 on a pedestal 3 feet iv height. At the entrance to the temple there is an inscription on the rock 13 feet 6 by 9 feet 9, with flfty-one lincs of writing. The size of tbc great rock-bewn image of Buddha is as follows : —Tho sitting figure is 15 feet high above the pedestal, which is 5 feet deep by 18 in width. The erect figure is 23 feet high. The rccumbent
Fine Arts. 111 image (showing Buddha having attained the state of Nirvana) is 46 feet long. 2. Trincomalee. —The Sami Rock, at the furthest poiut of the headland on which stands Fort Eredcrick. Here, every Monday and Friday at sunset, a considerablc congrcgation asseinble for the worship of "Eiswara," the Great Spirit This is the aboriginal worship of tho Isle, and is not sanctioned by either Buddhist or Tamil priests, tliough all tbc puoplc are nominal followera of one or other of these two importcd religieus. These ad herents to the primitive faith bring oflerings of cocoa-palm blossoms, bananas, and leaves of tbc betel pepper which they e-ast into the si ia, while the priest of Eiswara recites a litany. Chatties full of milk and of water are also offered, and are poured out on the rock as a libation. Sacred fire is kindled and incense burnt. The priest raises fire and incense heavenward, while all the wanhippen raise their arms towards heaven. Then the priest carries round the ashes, and marks each worshipper on tho forchcad. It is a most impressive scène, with the wonderful lighta and eolours of tho sunset flooding the sea, and gradually giving placo to the starlight. 3. The morning after tho fire, showing ■where a tract of felled forest had just been burnt preparatory to cofiee-planting. This valley lies in the district of Madulsima, looking over the Park country, towards the sea-coast at Batticaloa. 4. Our House-Boat raoored for the night on the Luna Oya, a lovely river fringed with beautiful tropical vcgetation, the haunt of large monkeys (tbc wanderoo), and of many parrots and other beautiful birds. 5. The Cburch at Nuwara-Eliya. A Siu balese funcral. A fine old Kma tree. Fore ground of Rhodiitleuditin, Datura (trumpet blossom) and Agave. 6. A Stormy Sunset seen from Mutwal, a suburb of Colombo. Eoreground of coco palms and serew pincs (Pandanus). 7. Allagalla Peak. 8. A Rocky Coffee-Field on Allagalla Peak. To the left is a Papaw with fruit (Carica papaya). 9. Drinking Troughs for Elephants, Anu radhapura. The smaller trough is hollowed from one stono 16 feet long, 3 feet 7 wide. The larger trough, which is made of three stones, measures 62 feet 9 in length by 4 feet 4 in width. Screen I. 10. A Group of Tamil Coolies benealh a Jak-fruit tree (Artocarpus integrifolia). To tho right is a fine Kitul Palm (from which jaggary sugar is made). Also a young Areca palm. 11. Sunßet on the Lake of Colombo. Water-lilies in blossom. Tall reeds and screw-pine. 12. Kooking down on the Railway from Colombo to Kandy, aud across a wide expansc of plain, forest and paddy-fields, with in nuuierable wooded hills. In the foreground on the left is a clump of bamboo. Fnrther lic the houses of aonio Tamil Cooliea, sur rounded by tall cotton trees (Eriodendron oriëntale). The red plant in tho foreground is the crimson Dractcua. 13. Kandy, looking lowards Peradeniya. Ahove the island is scen the Railway Station. To the right, across the lake, is a Buddhist Monastery. In the foreground is the English Cemetery. Above it is the Military Hospital. 14. Piduru-tala-gala, from the garden at Delta, in Pusilawa. 15. The Peacock Hill from Pussollawa. Tho crimson is tbc Iron wood (Mesua ƒ in its spring foliage. As the scason ad\ it becomes brownish and then green. To the left is a coffee bush white with blossom. Ou the road are Tamil Coolies carrying water-jars ; also yellow-robcd Buddhist priests, with a leaf of the Talipot palm as a sunshade. 16. The Mouth of tho Nilwala Ganga at Matara. Sunsct. 17. Two Doublé Canoes, lying off tlie Custom House and Dutch fort at Kalpitiya. The construction of these boats is peculiar. A platform is supported on two cauoes, placed some distance apart: the whole is eovered by an arched roof of bamboo and matting. With the great browu sail, and browu figures in turbans or wide straw hats, these boats are most picturesque. 18. Study of Coconut Palms in all stages, from infancy to maturity. Also tall banana leaves. Beyond the lake (Colombu) are seen trees of scarlet flamboyant. 19. Tho Dalada Maligawa, or Temple of tho Tooth, at Kandy. It is iv a strongly guardcd inner ehamber of this tcmplo that the precious tooth is storcd. 20. The Lily Shoro near Trincomalee. A grove of I'almyra palms (Boratsut fiabeüi formis), laden with clusters of beautiful glossy round nuts of riohest brown colour. The shorc is clothed with tall white lilies, streakcd with delicate pink, and palo lilao ipomeas with lttxuriant foliage creep over the white aand to the waters edge, affording shelter to thousanda of ttny crabs. 21. An Outrigger Canoe, balanced by a pahn-treo log tioating alongside, and attached to it by bamboos. 'The whole is sewed with cocoa fibre, no nails being used in the con struction of these boats. 22. Adam's Teak, as secn at sunrise in December, from tho roof of the Welikada Jail, Colombo. Elooded rice fielcls. 23. Erom tho Ramboda Pass, lookiug
Fine Arts. 112 back to the Pusilawa Valloy. To the left lies the Peaoock Hill. In tho centre rises Allegalla Peak. The foreground shows a cotfee field, the shrubs being clipped to the sizo of an average gooseberry bush. 24. View from Wakwalla, near Tuint (13 Galle. In tho foreground is a Traveller's tree (Ban nala inatlagascariensis). 25. The riains of Nuwara-Eliya, which is tbc official hill-station. In the centre is seen the Governor's cottage. In the distance lies Hakgala, at whoso base are tho Government Botanical Gardens for plants requiring a cooler climate than Peradeniya. By dam ming the stream, a lake has now been formed in this valley. 26. The jelawanarama and tho Kiri Vi hara at Pollannaruwa. In the temple stands a gigautio ruined image of Buddha, once gilded, but now revealing all the brick-work. Beaulifully sculptured figuros, and tall mono lithio pillars. 27. Flamboyant, or Flame of tho Forest (Poineiana regio), a native of Madagascar. This gorgeous tree is literally covered with handsome scarlet and gold flowers. 28. Adam's Peak from Maskeliya. Height 7.352 feet above the sea. 29. Sunrise seen from the summit of Adam's Peak, showing the stran";e triangular shadow which at sunrise and sunset is thrown upon the clouds, extending to the horizon. As the sun sets, the shadow of course gradually lengthens. At sunrise, on the contrary, as the sun rises above the eastern horizon, the shadow which seems to touch tho west. eradnally falls shortcr, darker, and narrower. It 'finally disappears about three hours after sunrise. On the morning on which this sketch was taken its edgo was prismatic, like a triangular rainbow. 30. The Summit of Allagalla Peak, on which there is a flat rock with an indentation (partly artificial) resembling a gigantic foot print, which of course is ascribed to Buddha, but is little revereneed, the truo foot-print which attracts all pilgrims being on the Summit ot' Adam's Peak. 31. General View of Kandy, looking to wards the Matale Hills. Ou the further side of the great artificial tank lic the Palace of the old Kings of Kandy, the Buddhist Sacred Library, the Temple of Buddha's Tooth, the English Church, Government House, Sus. 32. " The W'ata-üdge," or " Round Trca sui-e House," at Pollonnaruwa, looking to the Sat-Mal-Prasadé, or scven storied building, which is seen the Galpota, or Stone Book. Near the further steps lies a llat stone with circular indentations, as if a stone bali bad i'oinierlv laiu thercon, to be turned sunwise by pilgrims. Buddhist priests, nhaven and' yellow robcd, are visiting the ruined shrines, while troops of monkeys dis- port themselves in the boughs of tho great banvan tree which has overgrown tbc wall; butterflies llutter among the broken images. 33. Buddha'a Tooth. The most sacred relic of Buddhism, tho object of devout worship to many millious, aud tho prize which has led to various bloody wars. This proeious relic is generally kopt in a bell ahaped relic-shrino of gold encrusted with gems. which is locked within eight similar golden shrines; one within the other. each of which for greater security is locked with three separate keys. Tho artist was only able to obtain this sketch by passing and repassing in tho stream of adoring pilgrims, with sketch-book carefully concealed. Screen 11. 34. Looking down on tho Valloy of the Mahaweli Ganga towards Allagalla Peak, which rises from a sea of mist. To the right lic the bridge of satinwood, and the Botanical Gardens ai Peradeniya. In the foreground on the left is a coffco estate, and a Talipot palm in blossom. On tho right lic terraeed rice fields. 35. Two dumps of Bamboo on the Maha weli Ganga. 36. Our temporary buts on the Embaak ment of Topawewa, the great tank at Pollan naruwa. Troopsof monkeys camo and pulled the thatch off my hut! 37. The Plains of Xuwara-Eliya on a grey niisty day. 38. On the Lake, Colombo looking fo the Railway Station. Studies of Coconut and Kitul palm. In tbc foreground are some young plants of Screw-pine (Pandanus odora tissimus), so called on account of the spiral form in which the long prickly leaves encircle the stem. 38a. Tbc Mahaweli Ganga, seen from the Satinwood Bridge. 39. A Shady Pool in the Wedamulla Jungle. 40. Blossom and Spatlie of tho Coco-Pahu, resembling great ears of wheat, studded with ivory balls. Tho brown fibre in the back ground is tbc natural wrapping of the tree. [Ibis picture stands apart, above the grains.] Screen 111. 41. The Lower Flight of "The Thousand Steps" (it is said that there are really 1,800 steps) leadiug up to the great rclic-shrines at Mihintale, near Anuradbapura. Yellow-robcd Buddhist priests and pilgrims are seen as cending to the Dagobas. 42. The Buwanweli Dagoba, Anuradbapura, begun by King Datugemunu, 160 B.o.,height 150 feet, solid brickwork. The terrace on which tle- Dagoba stands was formerly sur rounded by a wall representing a row of ele phants, teven feet high, built of brickwork,
Fine Arts. 113 and coatcd with chunam, i.e. cream coloured shell linie, which ferms a surface as sniooth as satin. In the distancc ia seen the Ab hava-giriya Dagoba, built by King Walng.uu Bahu, 100 8.0. Its present height is 236 feet. To the left is tbc Assistent Agent's house. 43. Ambastale Maha Seya Dagoba at Mihintale. It contains the ashes of Mahindo, a Buddhist missionary of note B.C. 300, who herc appeared to King Dewaupiya in the form of an elk. It was built of brick, ,1 with cream-coloured chunam, and is surrounded by fifty-two slender pillars in two rows. Most of these have lost their sculptured capitala. All around are tcmple-trees loaded with fragrant white blossom. On tho hill top, at the summit of the 1,800 steps (sec no. 41) stands tho Etwihara Dagoba, a solid mass of brickwork nearby 100 feet high, huilt by King Bhatiya Tissa in the year 1 a.d. to enshrine a single hair from Buddha's fore bcad. Far below lic outstretched the level plain a. 44. Blossom of the Frangipanui, herc called Temple flower (Plumeria). It grows on a tree which is generally plantod near Buddhist temples, and the worshippers bring offerings of the fragrant blossoms to heap on the altare. 45. The Naga Pokuna, or Snake Pool, at Mihintale. The five-headed cobra is sculp tured on the rock, as if rising from the water. It mcasures six feet across the hood. 46. The Sami Rock, Trincomalee. Sacred to Eiswara, the Great Spirit. 47. The Jetawanarama Dagoba, at Anu radbapura. A gigautic Buddhist relic tomb, built by King Mahasen in the third century, a.d. It is a mass of solid brickwork, 396 feet iv diameter, 246 feet in height. 48. The Lankarama Dagoba, Anuradba pura. Built about a.d. 1200 by King Prak rama Bahu I. Its height is 37 feet, the whole being a mass of solid brickwork. It is sur rounded by three rows of pillars varying in height from 12 feet 6 inches to 16 feet 8 inches. Tho tall palm is a palmyra; the sketch shows pilgrims going to worship the relic. 49. Small rock temple at Mihintale, over growti by banyan trees. 50. The Ruins of the celebrated Brazen Palaoe at Anuradbapura, built is.c. 200. Tho ruins consist of 1,600 monolithic pillars, measuring 12 feet above ground. They are placed iv linea of forty each way, and cover a space of 231 feet square. In the fore ground a band of pilgrims are encamped, their tents are formed of the huge leaves of the taliput palm, of which each pilgrim carries one. These are propped up with sticks and form an eflectual shelter. In the centre of the camp is deposited a small ark containing a golden lotus blossom, which the pilgrims purpose offering at one of the Buddhist shrines. The ark is " borne on staves" during the march. In the foreground are shown three stone bulls, meosuring respec tiyely 3 feet 6, 2 f'et 9, and 1 foot 7. The Sinhalese women turn them round sunwise for luck, when they are especially anxious to increase their family! 51. The ThuparamaDagoba, Anuradbapura. Built by King Tissa about B.e. 300, to receivo the right collar bone of Buddha. It is sur roundtd by 128 columns, the 52 nearest to the Dagoba being 20 feet high. To the left lies the Daiada Maligawa, whero the Sacred Tooth resUd on its arrival from India A.D. 400. 52. Ruins on the Embankment of the Great Tank at Pollonnaruwa, supposed to havo been the Palace of Prakrama Bahu, whose statue is at tho other end of the embankment. The Stone Lion with eurly mane and twisted teil and claws, is supposed to have supportcd his throne. It is 7 feet long by 6 feet 6 in height, and is now in tho Colombo Museum. The date ascribed to this palace and to most of the ruins at Pollonnaruwa is a.d. 1153; but King Sri Sanga Bo 11. built a palace bere a.d. 642. 53. A Newly Felled Forest, preparatory to coffee planting. Tbc trees having been felled at tho commenoemeut of the dry season wcre left lving till very dry; then, when tho wind blew in a favourable direction, tho whole was fircd. 54. The original Bo Tree (Ficus religiosa)- The wizened atump inside the railing on tho raised platform is the oldest tree iv the world with an authentic history, being positivelya survival of the very tree grown from a slip which two thousand years ago was brought bere from the Indian tree beneath which Buddha sat in contemplation. The two large trees on tho platform are its oldest desoen dants, and are likewise so sacred that tho yellow-robed priesta spread white clotha of honour to catch the leavea as they fall; theso are eagerly bought by pilgrims. Other vene rable Bo trees of youuger generations grow all around ; also palmyraand cocu palms. Beneath the trees aro various stono images of Buddhist aaints, and Bculptures of tive-headed stiakes. 55. Study of a Banyan tree at Negombo (Ficus bengalcnsis). GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Large picture of Kandy in the Colonial Hall on the righthaud sido ou entering by tho prinoipal entrance in Exhibition Road. This beautiful picture was executed for the Ceylon Government by Miss G. Prideaux-Brune trom photographs. The picture includes a distant view of the Temple of the Sacred Tooth as seen from the opposite side of tho Kandy Lake, with the mountain ranges of Matale and Hunasgiriya in the background. (Sec Frontispiece to Preface.) I
114 Fine Arts. Section 2. Photographs of Scenery, &c. [Walls and Sereens.] A fine series of photographs is exhibited by Messrs. Skeen, of Colombo, among which those taken at the ruined city of Anuradha pura are of especial interest. The ancient Buddhist shrincs (Dagobas) there were built at the following dates : the Jetawanarama, A.D. 302 ; the Abayagiri, B.C. 89 ; the Ruanwella, B.C. 161-137 ; the Miriswetiya, B.C. 158; and the Thuparama, B.C. 307. The Abayagiri Dagoba is said to have been originally 180 cubits (405 feet) in height, i.c, about 50 feet higher than St. Paul's Cathedral. The Jetawanarama is still 209 feet high, and the cubic contents of its solid brick domc and stone platform exceed 20 million cubic feet. The various views in the hill-country and coast districts are detailed bclow. The photographs of Sinhalese villagers and of Veddas were taken by Mr. C. W. Rosset, who also shows with his Maldive Collections other photographs of the inhabitants of those islands (sec Class VIII., Section 6). MESSRS. W. L. H. SKEEN & CO., Colombo. One Frame, containing the following anti quities:— 1. Tho Lankarama Dagoba, Anuradhapnra. 2. A Portion of the Elephant Wall around the Ruwanwella Dagoba, Anuradbapura. 3. The Kuttam Pokuna, or Twin Bathiiig Ponds, Anuradbapura. 4. Ruins near the Ruwanwella Dagoba, Anuradbapura. 5. The Thuparama Dagoba, Anuradbapura. 6. Tho Ruwanwella Dagoba, Anuradbapura. 7. Platform of ditto, Anuradbapura. 8. The Isurumuniya Temple, Anuradba pura. 9. Ruins near the Ruwanwella, Anuradba pura. 10. Portion of tho platform of tho Ruwan wella, Anuradbapura. 11. The Jetawanarama Dagoba, Auuradba pura. 12. Sculptured Moonstone, Anuradhapura. 13. Steps and Moonstone of one of the Halls, Anuradbapura. 14. The Ruwanwella Dagoba, Anuradbapura. 15. Eigure of Buddha, 40 feet high, North- West Province. 16. The Rock Temple at Dambulla. 17. Janitor-stone, entranee to the Sacred Bó tree, Anuradbapura. 18. Carved stones at tho Abhayagiri, Dagoba. One frame containing tho following : — 19. Oampaha Estate, Udapussellawa. 20. Nuwara Eliya Lake. 21. Paddy-fields from tho Railway Incline. 22. Kandy Lake. 23. Colombo Harbour. 24. Nuwara Eliya. 25. Indiarubber trees, Peradeniya Botanie Gardens. 26. Nuwara Eliya Lake. . 27. Tree Ferns, Hakgala Botanie Gardens. One frame containing the following:— 28. Kandy Lake. 29. Devon Estate, Dimbula. 30. Kandy Lake; Palmetto Palm. 31. Kandy. from Arthur's Seat. 32. Nuwara Eliya. 33. Kandy, from Lady Hortons Walk. 34. Cabbage Palms, Kandy Lake. 35. Adam's Pcak. 36. African Palms, Kandy Lake.
Fine Arts. 115 Enhirqcil Photographs, '24x18, in, fra 84|x28è. 1. Adam's Peak. 2. Nuwara Eliya. 3. Colombo Harbour. 4. Tea Estate, Strathellie. 5. Ruins, Anuradbapura. 6. Kandy. 7. A Ceylon Tusker Elephant. 8. Elephant Kraal. 9. Sensation Rock, Railway Incline. 10. Miyangalla Rock, Railway Incline. 11. Devon Ealls, Dimbula. 12. Ramboda Waterfalls. 13. Ramboda Overhanging Rock. 14. Statue of Buddha, 40' feet high, N.W Province. 15. Goomera Rock, Knuckles. 16. Talipot Palm in flower. Additional Photographs on Screen, without Number*. Travellers' Palm. Road Scène, Mutwal Colombo. Overhanging Rock, Ramboda. Road Scène, Polgahawella. Sinhalese Boutique. Road Scène, Colombo. Interior, Temple of Dambulla (3 views). Bear Rock, Railway Incline. Colombo Lake. Kandy Lake, Kandy, from Arthur's Seat. River Sccne, Ramboda. Chatham Street, Colombo. Ramboda Falls. Kondegala Rock, Ramboda. Talipot Palm in flower. Sensation Rock, Railway Incline. Jungle near the Moon Plains, N. Eliya. Portswood (View at). N. Eliya. Devon Falls, Dimbula. Ramboda Falls. Goomera Book, Knuckles. Wavenden Falls, Ramboda. A Sinhalese Mudaliyar. A Moor trader. Buddhist Priest. Sinhalese Fishermen and Outriggor Canoes. Sinhalese Appuhami. Sinhalese Women. Kandyan Headmen. The Buddhist Temple at Kandy. The Hindoo Temple, Colombo. Liberian Coffec, Flower and fruit, natural size. A Jak Tree. Coconut, flower, fruit, and leaf. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— [M 2.] («.) Vedda Photographs. Three Vcddas dancing, Bintenno (-111). Vedda Hut, Batticaloa (413). Three Veddas shooting artows, Bintonne (414). Vedda family, Bintonne (42K). Vedda group, Bintenne (-137). (b.) Other Siuhalese Photographs. Bintenne Eatemahatmaya, Kandyan Head man of the Vedda district (419). Bintenne Korala, Kandyan Undcr-Head man of the Vedda district (405). Four Rodiya girls, Badulla. (.The Rodiya caste is the lowest or out-caslc among the Kandyans). ( ). A group of Rodiya women and children pursuing domestic occupations (429). A group of two Rodiya girls—halflength (139). Two Sinhalese Tom-tom beaters (13S). Three views of tho Ruins of Yapahu, au ancient residence of the Sinhalese monarchs (420, 421, 435). Section 3. Maps. [On Walls.] GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— Five maps prepared in the office of thé Sur veyor-General ahowing (1). Population and Religions, 6' 8" xB' 9". (2). Rainfall, 6' 8" x 8' 9". (3). Planting districts, 7' 0' X 6' 10". (4). Map of a portion of the mountain region of theinterior. 5' 1" x 54". (5). Plan of the Colonibj Harbour and the now Breakwater, 10' 3" X 5' 1". (6). Plans aud elevations of the higher portion of Adam's Peak, with tbc buildings on tho summit, and a full-sized drawing of the foot print. WIMALASURENDRA MUHAN DIRAM.—SinhaIese ma].-- of Ceylon,Europe, and Asia. as prepared by tbc Department of Public Instruction, for the use of Vemaculnr Schools. GABRIEL PERERA.—EI ched u (leylon showing population, &e., with etohinga of the common birds beasts and insect bibited by the draughteman, a pupil of the S. Benediota Instituto, Colombo, under the direction of the Christian Brothers. SIR J. COODE, K.CM.G. A map o£ the original projection of tho Colombo Break water, together with a photograph and paint ing, lent to illustrato the model of a working 1 of the Breakwater at Coloml which very successful structure Sir J. l was the designer. (Sec p. 93.) 1 2
116 Fine Arts. Section 4. Books. [K, E.] It is a matter for regret that the publications issued under the direction of the Department for Public Instruction, for the use of the English, Anglo-Vcrnacular and Vcrnacular Government schools, have not been exhibited. The printed publications are limited to a collection of the books printed by Messrs. A. M. and J. Ferguson, of the " Ceylon Observer," of the publications of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and of a set of medical works in Tamil by the late Dr. T. F. Green, of the American Ceylon Mission. The native books, or olas, however, are of the highest interest. The collection of Buddhist books includes a carefully series of the most valucd books of the Tripitaka, and Commcntaries with the Scholiasts on the latter: and even for those who are not interested in the Buddhist scriptures, or the Pali, in which thcy are writtcn, there is considerable interest in the nature and binding of the books. These are composed of portions of the leaves of talipot palm, or palmyrah palm dried and cut into shapc. The writing is effected with an iron style, and the leaf washcd over with an equivalent for ink, which, when the rest of the leaf is cleaned, remains in the letters made by the style. The whole of the leaves are then pierced and strung together and bound with a board at either end. This board is often elaboratcly worked in the precious metals or jewclled. Besidcs the Buddhist ola books, there is a collection of fifty similar olas in Tamil from the Jaffna district. Of these the first four teach the religious belief of the Hindus of India and North Ceylon, in rcfcrcnce to religious duties and the transmigration of souls, and are of great authority, being rcad in the tcmples rcgularly. The fifth work, " Kantappuranam," is composed of more than ten thousand stanzas, and is read ycarly in most of the Saivite tcmples to an audiencc who must fast from the first to the last day of reading. The sixth ola describes the Hindu system of the world. The next five olas are topographical and descriptive; the twelfth contains an account of a great disputation carried on between a Saivite devotee and a Buddhist scholar, who is represented as having been worstcd in the encounter. The following to the nineteenth ola are chiefly poems in honour of the dcities of particular templcs, and the twentieth
Fine Arts. 117 contains the Ramayana, which tclls of the war waged by Rama and Rawana, King of Lanka (Ceylon). This ola contains thirteen thousand stanzas, and in it may be found a glowing account of the island of Lanka. The remaining olas are of a very diverse nature, some being classical, some poetical, whilst others treat of the arts and sciences in almost every branch of human knowledge as known to the Tamils. Anothcr use of the Talipot leaf is shown in an exhibit by Dr. W. C. Ondaatje which merits the attention of gardeners. (Case J.) Slips of this leaf can be used as labels, and withstand equally sun and ram, will last for years, and are exceedingly cheap. MESSRS. A. M. and J. FERGUSON, ' Ceylon Observer Press,' Colombo.— Principal publications of recent yea/s, in cluding the ' Ceylon Handbook and Directory for 1885-6,' ' Ceylon Civil Service Manual,' 1883,' Ceylon in 1884,' by J. Fcrguson, bouud copies of the volumes of the ' Tropical Agri culturist' issued to date, • Biiricd Cities of Ceylon,' by 8. M. Burrowß, M.A., CCS. CEYLON BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOClETY.—Publi cations of this society from ]s:js to 1885. DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, Peradeniya. —'Garden Reporls, 1880-1885,' ' Hand-Guide to the Gardens,' 1885. AMERICAN CEYLON MISSION —Works on Medicine, in Tamil, of the late Dr. S. F. Green, Medieal Missionary iv the above Mission, Jaffna. Six volumes, being translations or adaptations from Standard English works. In Case K. W. SUBHUTI TERUNNANSE, of Waskaduwa Vihara. —A collectiou of old books containing the leading Buddhist scrip tures. Iv plain covers, twelve buoks out of the Khuddaka Nikiiya, 67. Iv painted covers, two vols., Visuddbamagga Saune, 107. Ditto, Sutta Nipiita Atthakattba, 47. Ditto, I'ali Muttaka Viuaya Vmichchaya Sangaha Tikii, 47. In plain cover, writteu in Burnie.se eha racters, 1. Kankhii vitarani I'oraua Tikii; 2. Ditto Abbinava Tikti; 3. Kbuddha Sikkha I'oraua Tikii, 67. H. SUM ANGAL A TERUNNANSE, High Priest of Adam's Peak and Prin cipal of the Vidyodaya Pali CoUege in Colombo.—lv ivory covers, The Sutta, Nipata. Iv painted covers with gilt edges, writteu in Burmese characters, Sammoha Vinodani Vibhauga Atthakatha. (Not for sale.) J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— In silver covers ricbly ehased and gilt, Majjhima Nikiiya, (Not for sale.) C. M. LUSHINGTON, Esq., C.C.S.- In plain cover, Brachmajala Sastxa. (Not for snle.) Sir O. P. LAYARD, K.C.M.G.—OId book in gilt cover with writing style. Ditto in red and yellow cover with style. Ditto. Ditto in plain wood cover (brown). (Not for mie.) GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— (Nortb-West Province). Specimen of old blank book. (Not for sale.) (Southern Pro vince). Ditto with elaborately ehased silver covers, 307. C. W. KATHIRAVALUPILLAI, P.M. of Kayts.—Fifty Hindu Ola Books writteu in Tamil. In Case E. Mr. RATNAYAKE.—Specimen of old book in plain cover.
118 Fine Arts. Section 5. Stamps. [Wall behind J.] This exhibit comprises a fairly representative collection of the revenue, judicial, telegraph and postal stamps of the Colony from the earliest of those issucd when the local currency was of the denomination of pounds, shillings, and pence, and revenue returns were rendercd in the same. The earlicr stamps were not perforated and had no water mark ; then perforation was adoptcd but still without the watermark, a star alone being shown in the impress. Then a crown and the letters " C. C." were introduced in the body of the paper, while the colours were varied from yellow to green and indigo blue. On the introduction of a rupee currency in January 1872, new stamps were issucd, with the previous watermark of a crown and C. C, but the colours wcre changed to brown for the 3 cent postage stamps, gray for those of 4 cents, whilst tlie highcr denominations were of a brick colour. The following list gives the denomination and colour of postage stamps which in 18S5 were surcharged or printed with the new rate of postage levicd from ist January of that year on inland letters of 5 cents instead of 4: — 8 cents .... Orange. 16 , Mauve. 4 , Rosé. 64 ~ Brick. 96 „ Stone. 32 Slatc. 48 cents Rosé. 24 , Green. 36 ~ Blue. 24 ~ Brown. 24 , Green. Revenue stamps are of denominations extending from one cent to a thousand rupees ; telegraph stamps from twclve cents to fifty rupees ; postage stamps from two to thirty cents ; foreign bill of exchange stamps from five cents to three rupees ; and for warehousing warrants from five to fifty cents each. There is no doubt that the system of adhesivc stamps is more convenient than that of impressed stamps, at the same time it has the drawback of affording opportunitics for the fraudulcnt removal of used stamps from documents for use a second time, and it may bc that cventually the safer system adopted in British India of employing only impressed stamps will be introduced into Ceylon. The collection is lent by Mr. C. M. Lushington of the Ceylon Civil Service.
Ethnology. 119 CLASS VIII. ETHNOLOGY. Section i. Buddhist Articles. THE Sinhalese are by rcligion Buddhist, Buddhism having been the national rcligion, except on the sca-board, for two thousand years. It is, with Burmah and Siam, one of the few countries in which the Southern Buddhism has held its own against Hinduism, and in no country has the rcligion been maintained with so much purity and learning as by the leading exponents of Buddhism in Ceylon. This collection, though ncccssarily in a small compass, is, thanks to the co-opcration of Sumangala Tcrunnanse, the High Priest of Adam's Peak, and the cqually learncd and well-known priest, Subhüti Terunnanse, of Waskaduwa, sufficiënt to illustratc much that is most interesting in the Buddhist faith. There is a valuable and varied col lection of Buddhist scripturcs in Pali in the rich and varied bindings, and beautifully written. There is a lay figure of a Buddhist priest, an admirable likeness, showing the clothing of the " mendicant" who has devoted his life to the attainment of virtue and the following of the " five precepts of Buddha." The mendicant is wearing his robes and carrying his bowl, as is the custom of the " poor persons " of Ceylon. The rules of the order whose vows he has taken when he was "robed " enjoin upon him that he should trust to the charity of good people for his daily food, which is to be placed in the bowl he is allowed to carry, nor is he even to solicit alms, but mutely to allow his lay co religionists to acquire merit bygiving him food. His worldly posses sions consist of his robes, which are yellow, the beggar's colour in the East, and torender them of absolutely no value, they should first be torn to fragments and then resewn. He has, besides, a fan to cover his eyes, so that he should not sec a distance of a fathom on the ground in front of him, his beggar's bowl, and a piece of muslin to stram the water which he drinks, lest perchance he should destroy even insect life in satisfying his thirst.
12 Natural Objects. up by the divers, the extent of the accumulation may be imagined, despite the decay of the shell when acted on by the wcather. How densely the pearl banks are packed with oysters may be conceived when it is known that, on the occasion of his last examination of the banks, the superintendent reportcd the existence of fully eight hundred millions of young oysters, nine-tcnths of which would probably dis appear beforc rcaching maturity. Tambalagam Pearls. —This pcculiarly formed pearl is obtained from oysters found in a small bay near Trincomalec, on the north-east coast of the island, where alone they exist. Pearls from these oysters are seldom of any great value, being generally small and irregular in form and colour. The fishery is let for about Rs. 500. The Tambalagam oysters (Placuna placenta) are different in form and texture to the truc pearl oyster of the opposite coast of the island, being flat, largcr in circumference and semi-transparent; they are found in only one locality of limited area, and in shallowcr water than is the case with the pearl oyster of the Silavatturai banks ; they arrive at maturity in about four years, and the pcarls are differently formed, being usually longer and of less size than the others. They are known amongst the Chinese as the "window oyster," frem the fact that, placcd over small apertures in the walls of their dwellings, they are made to serve the purpose of miniature windows. The exhibits shown were taken from the Tambalagam beds during last year, and, young though they are, containcd a number of small pearls, which were however of little value. Chanks (Turbinella Pyruni) are shells with no contents of value, being sought for by reason of the uses to which they are applied by the natives of India as personal ornaments when cut in different methods ; and, when perforated at one end, to sound a loud note of call to tcmple worship. Large quantities are annually exported to Calcutta, which is their principal mart, the number taken up by divers having sometimes been as great as three millions and a half, but in recent years not more than half that quantity has been taken. This shell is fished for along the northern coasts of the island between Pt. Pedro and Mullaitivu, and Jaffna and Mannar ; but divers on this work are not allowcd to ply their calling to the southwards of Mannar, lest they should interfcre with the pcarl banks. The Chank fishery is encouraged by the Government not merely for the royalty of onc fifth the value of the fishery, but as a good school for divers for the valuable pcarl-fishcry. The royalty at one time realised between
Ethuology. 120 The Buddha himsclf is represented in a number of images which have been kindly lent; thcy depict him in the usual conventional attitude, standing in cxhortation, sitting in meditation, or in the attitude in which he attained Buddhahood under the Bó tree, or rccumbcnt in the beatific state of Nirwana. The high priest has lent an alms bowl and a betel bag, the gifts of the King of Cambodia to this learned scholar, who is principal of the Widyodaya Pali College in Colombo, and several beautiful fans are among the exhibits. The gilt bow and arrows shown in case K deserve special notice, as thcy have a curious interest. They are facsituiics of a gold bow and three arrows treasured up at the Maha Saman Dewale at Ratnapura. Their origin is obscure, but this legend ascribes them to Rama, who vowcd them to the Dewale after he had slain with them Rawana the King of Lanka, who had carricd of Quccn Sita, the wife of Rama and the Helen of Indian fable. A special cxplanation should be given of the dagobas, of which the gilt representation in the central path near the porch is one of the most striking of the exhibits in the Ceylon Court. This form of monument has been adopted by Buddhism for two thousand years, the best known of the more ancient cdifices being the Bharhut Stüpa in India, and the Ruanwcli dagoba at Anuradhapura, the best pre served of the many wonderful old monuments of the Sinhalese glories of the past. These buildings are not tcmples in any way ; they are shrincs in which relies are deposited. The solid dome-like structure erected over the sacred relic stands on a square base, which is often sculpturcd, and at the four sides are the " chapcls," as they have somewhat erroneously been described. Of the exhibits of dagobas, the largcst (that near the porch) is a gilt dagoba from the ancient temple of Lankatilaka, near Kandy, and is shown by the Governor of Ceylon. Of the others the silver dagoba from Ratna pura contains an exact copy of the sacred tooth of Buddha, enshrined at the Dalada Maligawa, in Kandy, the object of world-wide venera tion among devout Buddhists. [Al] GOVERNMENT OP CEY LON. —Figure of a Buddhist Mendicant Monk in his robes and with bis begging bowl —taken from life. [J] A. JAYAWARDANA, Muda liyar.—Three painted Images of tbc Buddha in the attitudes of exbortation (standing), conlemplation (sitting), and nirvana (recuin bent). [K] J. H. THWAITES, Esq.—Large Brass Figure of Buddha, sitting on a lotus bal and ovcrthadowed by a cobra bood. [K] A. C LAWRIE, Esq.—Brass Sedent Buddha. [K] R. MACBRIDE, Esq. — Brass Standing Buddha.
Ethnology. 121 [K] J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Metallic Sedent Buddha with a back. [P] Gill Buddha on a niarble stand, sitting under a silver bó tree. [F] Ivory Standing Buddha [P] Crystal Buddha Sedent. H.E. THE GOVERNOR OF CEYLON.—GiIt Dagoba (large) from the Lankatilaka Temple, [E] J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Gilt Dagoba, jewelled, from Kelani Temple. [E] GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON. (Galle Work) Silver Dagoba, (Ratnapura) Silver Dagoba containing a model of the Sacred Tooth. (For snle.) [K] J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Large Copper Bowl from tho Kelani Temple, used as a receptacle for offerings of food for the priests. [K] H. SUMANGALA TERUN NANSE, High Priest of Adam's Pea,k, —Buddhist I'riest's Alms Bowl and Betel Bag, presented by the King of Cambodia. Priest's Fan with ivory handle, of beautiful workman ship. [K] MADUWANWALA BANDA.— Priest's Fan with ivory handle, of beautiful workmanship. [K] KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—Priest's Fan with ivory handle, of beautiful workmanship. (For snle.) [Walls] J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar. —Four Sesatbs, Buddhist Bauuercts used in processions. [The collection of Buddhist Books or Olas is described under Class VII., Section 4 (Books). Tho books are arranged in the corner part of Case K]. Section 2. Vedda Articles. [L.] The country inhabited by the Vcddas lies along the base of the lofty range of hills skirting the Badulla district. It is probablc that they are the descendants of the early inhabitants of Ceylon found by Wijayo, when he landed with his numerous followcrs on the north-east coast of the island, unacquainted with agriculture save in its rudest forms. Refusing to hold intercoursc with the invaders, or acknowledge the supremacy of the Indian dynasty of sovereigns, they retired sullenly to the arid jungles of the north, where none cared to follow them. There, amidst the ungenial surroundings of asavage life, ill-fed and badly-housed, these huntcrs of the forests have undergone no change save that of degeneration from climatic and other causes. With regard to the name of " Vedda." it corresponds so closely with that of the Indian " Wcdars," or hunters, that there can be little doubt of its common origin. A few of these people have been induced to undertake the cultivation of land, and dweil in huts prepared for them (Village Veddas) ; but as a rule they continue to make hollow trees and rocks their places of abode, feeding on the sun-dried flesh of the deer. Their numbers are now much reduced, and in not a few cases degraded low caste Sinhalese villagers have been taken for them by travellers, a mistakc which has caused some confusion. The bows and arrows from the Bintenne plains of the low country
Ethnology. 122 situatcd on the north-east of the lofty mountain zone are those used by the wild Veddas of the forests. Thcy, however, show but indifferent skill in the exercise of their wood-craft, and when called upon to bring down an animal in its flight, or a bird on the wing, but rarely succeed. Their usual method of securing game with the bow is to lic in ambush until the object in view is sufficiently near to makc its capture an easy matter. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— Skulls of Vedda man and woman from Tamankadua Dißtrict. Imperfect Vedda skull from the Eastern Province. A. KING, Esq., C.C.S., Ba dulla. 1. Skull of Vedda (Ktïgaraya). 2. Two bows, three arrows, aud one hatcbet used by Veddas. The bow strings are made of the bark of the Kiri-Nuga (Banyan tree). 3. Vedda waist string made of fibre. 4. Kar ornaments used by Vedda women, made from ant's tusks by the Veddas themselves, and string of glass beads. 5. Vedda cooking utcnsil. 6. Seed of gigantic creeper, Puswel (Eniada scandens), for holding cotton, and steel and flints used by Veddas. 7. Crystals (feldspar) from the powder of which sba'rpeii ing stones are made by the Kandyans. 8. Specimen of powder of same. 9. Specimen of the gum of the Keppetiya (Croton laceiferum), which after being melted is mixed w'ith the above to form grind-stoncs. 10. Small example of grind-stono so made. (For Photographs of Veddas, sec under Class VIL, Section 2.) Section 3. Models of Natives—Native Dresses. [A 2, L. The cthnological models exhibited are not very numerous. Of the life-sizc models there are, besides the Buddhist mendicant mentioned above, good figures of a Kandyan Chief or Ratamahatmeya, in his full official dress, and of a low-country Mudaliyar wearing his sword and other insignia of his rank. The former costume is handsome, but very grotesque in character ; the latter shows very evidently the influencc of long European rule in modifying the native dress. The ordinary costume of respcctable low-country Sinhalese is seen in the dress of the nativc attendants in the Tea-house; the comboy, or petticoat (the Malayan sarong) and belt is universal, and with the scmi-circular comb of tortoiseshell on the top of the head (the hair being worn long and twisted up into a chignon) gives a somewhat effeminate character to the appearance. The smaller models are cnumcrated bclow. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON, Western Province.-Lif'e-sized figure show ing the dress of a Kandyan chief (tbc figure is modelled from the Diwa Nilarue, the chicf headsman among the Kandyans).—Life-sized figure of a luw country Mudaliyar (this figure iB modelled from Mr. D. C. H. Dias Bandara nayaka, J.1., and Mudaliyar of tbc Governor's Gate. This gentleman is the Brat among the low-country Sinhalese, and his family have been stalwart supporters of the British rule. His grandfather by bis defence of the fort of
Ethnotogy. 123 Hanwella repclled unaidcd a Kandyan invnd ing force which had already captured several English posts and thrcateued Colombo).-Life sizcd figure of a Buddhist priest (modelled from Migettuwatta Unnanse, a well-known priest in Colombo). —A series of sniall-sized models in pluster showing the principal dresses and races of Colombo: Sinhalese liendsruan, village girl, a pingo carrier, and a tom-tom beater, a Colomlxi chetty and a coast cbetty, 1111 Arab or Afghan, a Parsee, a Malay, a Moorman and a Tamil horsekeeper, and a Sinhalese man driving a trotting buil in B light cart.—A series of figures of painted wood, showing the principal Sinhalesecostumes both Kandyan and low country. Section 4. Ma3ks. [On the walls.] The collection of grotcsque masks of all sizcs and forms represent those usually worn by men known as " Devil Danccrs " on the occa sion of the Perahera festival, when they form a portion of the motley procession which once a year proceeds from the Dalada Maligawa, or temple of the relic, through the principal strcets of Kandy during the night of full moon in August. This procession of wild dancers on such an occasion is a proof of how intimately the public obser vances of the two religions, Buddhism and Hinduism, becatne blended under the rule of the sovereigns of Malabar descent. It must be noted, however, that no Buddhist priest ever takes part in this procession, which is not regarded by them as orthodox, though they will lend a relic to be carried in the procession. The Devil Dancers are believed by the common people to be able toeure serious sickness by their danecs, which are often continucd through out the night in the sick chamber, not unfrequcntly resulting in the death of the patiënt. Other masks are those worn in the native " Comedies " performed in the villages. The masks are made in the neighbourhood of Bentota on the south-wcstern coast, of piaster moulded. The hideous patterns are doubtless very ancient, and are always strictly reproducecl. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— A series of ü8 Oomedy Masks. A furthcr geriea r>( Masks worn by Dtvil-daucors. Both from tho Western Province. [The whole of these exhibits are hung on the walls of the Court].
Ethnology. 124 Section 5. Musical Instruments. [Walls behind B.] The musical instruments exhibited comprise ncarly all which constitutc a Sinhalese band. They are the tom-tom, kettledrum, tambourine, and the ivory flute, or rathcr hom. The tom-tom, of which there is a great variety in form and size, is made with a wooden rim, over which is stretched a goat or sheep skin, well prepared for the purpose. This simple instrument is playcd by beating upon it with the fingers, and struck in the centre or round the cdge according to requirement; when one of the larger of these is playcd upon by a number of women and children scated round it, the sounds cmitted are by no means unpleasant, especially when hcard at a short distance. As a rule, the volume of sound is of far more importancc in Sinhalese music than melody, and one has but to stand near a Buddhist temple on a great festival day within sound of the shricking pipe, the resonant drum and the sounding tambourine, to bccome thoroughly alive to the fact. It is evident from a rcference to old Sinhalese chronicles and ancient paintings and sculpturcs that the musical instruments in use at the present time are in every respect sïmilar to those employed a thousand years ago. The chronicles of Ceylon mention how, in the early date B.c 300, the army of King Dutuagaimunu marched to the music of sixty-four kinds of drums, which made a sound likc that of thunder ; the echoes of these many drums were supplemcntcd by shricking blasts from hugc chank shells. It does not appcar, however, that in those carly days there were any flutes or other wind instruments, though the use of a harp is mentioned in one passage referring to the period B.C. 161. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON — Large Rabana or Tambourine from Western Province. Four Tom-toms from Soutberu Province. M. TOCKE, Esq. Eleven Tom-toms. THE MUDALIYAR OP HAPITI GAM KORLE.— Tom-tom. THE MUDALIYAR OF HEWA GAM KORLE.— Two Tom-toms. EKNELIGODA, R.M.—Two Torn toms and two Horns.
Ethnology. 125 Section 6. Articles from the Maldive Islands. [M.] The larger collection of Maldive articles exhibited is the property of Mr. C. W. Rosset, and was formed by him at the end of 1885, during a visit of some duration in the islands. A smaller series is exhibited by His Highness Ibrahim Didi, Vizier to the Sultan of the Maldives. The following account of the Maldive Islands has been com municatcd by Mr. C. W. Rosset: — " The Maldive Islands are situatcd in the Indian Occan, south-west of the Indian Pcninsula, from which the nearest cluster (Ihavandiffulu Atol) is about 350 miles distant, while the central one (Male Atol) lies about 400 miles from the nearest point of Ceylon. These islands are a dependency of the Government of Ceylon, which does not, however, interfcre in any way with the ïnternal administration ; in fact, the political relations of the two are confincd to a yearly embassy from the Maldive Sultan to the Government of Ceylon, the reception of which in Colombo is a very ceremonious function, the Ambassador presenting the Sultans letter and presents to the Governor, who makes presents in return. Almost the only other occasion on which official Communications pass between the two Governments is in the case of a shipwreck on the islands, when the Sultan advises the Governor of the mishap, and his Exccllency replies by thanking him for his kindness and humanity to the shipwrecked crew. Although the Maldives have been more or less subject to the various Governments which have succeeded one another in Ceylon during the last two or three hundred years, comparatively little is as yet known about the inhabitants. The most complete work yet publishcd on the subject is the Report, compiled in 1883 by H. C. P. Bell, Esq., of the Ceylon Civil Service, which treats at some length of the past history and present resources of the group. The Maldive Islands are of coral growth, and cvidcntly bclong to the same chain of submarine mountains on which the polyps have built up the Laccadivcs. The islands are groupcd together in clusters called Atols, of which there are twenty, named (in order from
126 Ethnology. north to south) Ihavandiffulu, Tiladummati, Makunudu (Malcolm), Miladummdulu, North Malosmadulu, Fadiffolu, South Malosmadulu, Goidu (Horsburgh), North Male, Rasdu (Ross), South Male, Ari, Fulidu, North Nilandu, Mulaku, South Nilandu, Kolumadulu, Had dummati, Huvadu (Suvadiva), and Addu. The Atol is formed of a number of islands of different sizes, joined by reefs, which enclosed a lagoon of sea-water ; many of the islands are themselves merely a ring of coral rock cnclosing a smaller lagoon. There are generally openings in different parts of the barrier-reef, which are in many cases wide and deep cnough to allow large ships to enter. The surface of the islands is covered sand mixed with decayed vcgctable matter to a depth of three or four feet, under which is soft rock. The islands are covered with a thick jungle, above which tower the coconut trees ; the vegetation is very luxuriant, but does not apparently differ from that found in Southern India and Ceylon. Therc are no streams on any of the islands ; on most of them fresh water can bc obtained from wells ; but the quality differs very considcrably, on some Atols it is very good, while on others it is so bad as to bc dangcrous. The climate of the Maldives is similar to that of Ceylon as regards temperature ; the heat is never very oppressivc, the thermometer ranges from Bo° to 90 0 in the day, and is generally at about '80° at night. Therc is always a pleasant sea breezc, which modifies the sun's heat very much. But there is one souree of discase which renders many of the islands uninhabitable during half the year ; many of the lagoons being entirely landlocked, the confined sea-water bccomes stalc and emits the most offensive odours during the dry season, that is when the north-east monsoon is blowing. During this period (from December to May) it is quitc impossiblc toremam to leeward of such lagoons. During the prevalenee of the south-west monsoon matters are better, as the sea breaks over the barricr-rcef and partially renews the confined water. This fetid sea-water, the bad drinking-water obtaincd on many islands, and the carclessness of the inhabitants as regards their marmer of living, are the principal causes of the large amount of sickness prevalent on the Maldives ; the principal diseases are dysentery and fever. The mortality among children is much greater than with vs ; it is said that only about twenty per cent. attain five years, though this is probably an exaggcration. The Maldivians are a quiet, hospitable pcople, though inclincd to bc suspicious and reserved with forcigners until thcy have bccomc well acquaintcd with them ; once their confidencc is gained, however,
Ethnology. 127 they are extrcmcly hospitable. They are generally intclligent looking, and have a much more pleasant expression than the in habitants of many other Eastern countries : frank, open faces, without a tracé of sullenness. Thcy have a decidedly Arabian caste of countenancc, and are generally of a dark-brown complexion, though many in Male are much fairer. The dress of the men is very sïmple, consistïng generally of a pair of cotton drawers and a waistcloth; some wear besides a white shirt. They generally wear a coloured handkerchief round the head but the turban is not worn. The priests and high-castes generally wear a long sort of dressing-gown, reaching nearly to the ankles. The womcn's dress is much more elaborate and becoming; the waist cloth is of a dark brown colour with a border of black and white stripes, over which is worn a loose-fitting coloured silk shirt edged at the neck with gold or silver embroidery ; round the head they twist a silk handkerchief matching the shirt in colour. Their food consists for the most part of rice, fish, and coconut; the meals are eaten after the marmer of Oricntals, in silence, the women waiting first upon the men, and aftcrwards taking their own meal separately. The chief employments of the Maldivians are fishing, collecting cowrïes and tortoiseshell, gathcring coconuts, cloth- and mat-weaving, turning, and twisting coconut fibre into coir-yarn. The trade of the Maldives all passes through Male, whithcr the inhabitants of the other islands all bring their produce, which they exchange for rice and other necessaries. The exports consist of coconuts, coir-yarn, dried and salted fish, and tortoiseshell; the imports are mostly articles of food." H. H. IBRAHTM DIDI, Vizier to the Sultan of the Maldives.—Products and manul'actures of the Maldive Islands. including a fine collection of tho peculiar mats mado by the people, hags of oowries which form tiio local currency, salt fish, the curing of which forms a principal industry of the islands, &c, &c. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— 1. Mat, linest quality. 2. Mat, second quality. 3. Mat, third quality. 4. Mat, fourth quality. From Suvativa Atol. These .17. ludu kuna) are made only in Suva diva Atol from a rush or sedgc (.V. 7iau) which grows best there. Nothing produced elsewhere can opproach the delicacy of pattern and the tasteful combination of the three colours used (black, pale brown, and white), which specialities have gained a great rcputa tion for these mats. Tho finest como from Gaddu Island, tho ordinary kind from llavara- Tinadu, and tho small ones from Gctnana- Furhi. 5. Pair of Knitting-Ncedles. 6. Two Cotton Reels. From Malusmatulu Atol. 7. Box for holding betel (for children'. From Tuladu Atol. 8. Wooden Rings for omamenting the ropes of swings. 9. Two Earthenwaro Platos, round. 10. One Large Karthenware Plate, round. 11. Ditto. 12. Ditto. 13. Ditto. 14. One Medium - sized Earthenwaro Plate, round.
128 Ethnology. 15. Ditto. 16. Ditto. 17. Ditto. 18. Ditto. Mado out of a mixture of emery and powdered sandstone prepared with wax. They are specially used in preparing medi cines, and common throughout tho Maldive Group. 19. Griudstone. 20. Ditto. Made through out tho Maldive Group of a mixture of sand stone and wax. Tho stone is placed in a frame. 21. Fiftccn small Coconuts, used as play things throughout the Maldive Group. 22. Exceptionally large Coconut, used throughout the Maldive Group as an orna ment for the houses. 23. Young Coconut, prepared for offering to a visitor. 24. Shells used as playthings by children. 25. Axe-bcad. 26. Handle for above. From Malusmatulu Atol. 27. Betel-box. 28. Ditto. 29. Chessman, old. 30. Ditto. 31. Scraped Coconut kernel, for making mi Ik. 32. Cover for cooking-pot. 33. " Nine Stone." game complete. 34. Cover for cooking-pot. 35. Basket-work Cover for food-dish. 36. Wooden Plate for rice. 37. Rioe-cleaner. 38. Floor Carpet. 39. Ditto. 40. Woman's Under Cloth, first quality. 41. Ditto. 42. Woman's Under Cloth, second quality. 43. Ditto. 44. Woman's Under Cloth.'third quality. 45. Ditto. 46. Ditto. 47. Child's Under Cloth, third quality. 48. Woman's Under Cloth, third quality. Erom Edajuri Island. 49. Child's Sleeping-Mat. 50. Rice Pounder. 51. Carved Wooden Cover for above. 52. Wooden Dish to fit into a stand. 53. Largo Medicine Spoon, cut from a shell. 54. Small Medicine Spoon, cut from a shell. 55. Shell frorr. which Nos. 53 and 54 are cut. 56. Unfinished Knife Bladc. 57. Ditto. 58. Ditto. 59. Finished Knife Blade. 60. Large Wooden Stand for holding No. 51. 61. Wooden Betel-box. 62. Wooden Box for bolding glass bottles. 63. FlagstaffOap. 64. Finely-carvcd Wooden Darning-needlc. 65. Child's Toy, only for use by high caste children. 66. Finely-carvcd Wooden Rolling-pin, used by high caste only. 67. Iluttlo attached to either end of a dancer's staff. 68. Maldive Woman'a Shirt, middle caste. 69. Man's Hat, used by all castes. 70. Woman'a Hat, used by all castes. 71. A kind of tip-cat used by middlo castes throughout the group. 72. Large Fish-Knife of the beat make, copied from an European model. 73. White Sea Plant, from Male Atol. 74. A kind of tip-cat used hv low caste-. 75. Black Sea Plant, from Til'ladumati Atol. 76. Three Silver Bangles, from Nilandu Atol. 77. Six Brass Bangles, from Nilandu Atol. Six are worn on each arm ; high caste women wear gold, middle caste silver, and low caste brass. 78. Model of a fishing-net. From Tilla dumati Atol. 79. Reel of Gold Wirc. 80. Reel of Silver Wire. 81. Ten yards of Gold Thread. 82. Ten yards of Silver Thread. Brought from India and used in embroidering cloth, &c. 83. Child's Spinning-top. 84. Native Sweetmeat, prepared for high castea from Coconut. 85. Child's Spinning-top. 88. Medicine Spoon, carved out of a shell. 87. Colouring matter used by women alter bathing for painting the eyes. 88. Pomado for the hair. 89. Sweet-amelling Oinlment, used by women for anointing the body after bathing. 90. Wooden Knife. used for turning paatry. 91. Large Plate, used for preparing Medicine. 92. Wooden Box for holding preserves, high caste. 93. Swect-smelling Oiutment, used by women for anointing the body after bathing. 94. Man's Hat, made by the women. 95. Wooden Cover for rice dish. 96. Touchwood sticks, for procuring fire by frietion. 97. Cooking Spoon for rice, mado from a coconut. 98. Fishing-line, fine quality. 99. Rice-Sifter, made out of coconut leaves. 100. Model of Boat used by high castes. 101. " Ninc Stone" game. 102. Part of Silver Waist Chain worn by middle caste children. High caste wear the same in gold. Low caste wear the same in brass. 103. Fishing-line, ordinary kind. 104. Model of Boat used by high castes. 105. Finely-carvcd Jeweller's Hammer. 108. Child's Wooden Knife, gilt. 107. Maldive Knife. 108. Boatman's Cap. 109. Plano made in the Maldives. 110. Nargil Pipe stopper, fint quality. 111. Boatman's Ca],. 112. Knife for extracting tlie kerncl from the coconut.
Ethnology. 129 113. Maldive Knife. 114. Gimlet. 115. Boatman's Cap. 118. Nargil (pipe-stopper), second quality. 117. Sultans Flag. All Maldive sailing boats must have the Sultans star on tho sail. 118. Sea Plant 119. Pipe-bowl. 120. Boatman's Cap. 121. Four Embroidery Needies. 122. Two Spools. 123. Largo Wooden Covered Dish for carry ing hot food to high caste peoplo when they are nway from home. 124. "Nargil Pipe-stopper. 125. Boatman's Cap. 126. Two Embroidery Needies. 127. Kite. 128. Round Wooden Box and Cover, with lock and key. 129. Wooden Betel-box. 130. Boatman's Cap. 131. Pipe-bowl, first quality, brought from the Malabar coast. 132. Stem for above ; brought from India. 133. Stopper for tlie water-bottle used with above pipe, and the only part made iv the Maldives. 134. Fishing-seine. 135. Sheet of Tortoiseshell. 136. Wooden stand to hold tho ball used by women in embroidering. 137. Pipe-bowl, second quality, brought from the .Malabar coast. 138. Stem for above, brought from India. 139. Stopper for tbc water-bottlo used with above, made iv tbc Maldives. 140. Sheet of Tortoiseshell. 141. Best quality of Coir Yarn. 142. Apparatus used by tho natives in climbing coconut trees. 143. Soales made out of coconut shells, ufter au European model, with weights. 144. Rake, used on roads. 145. Child's Spinniug-top, used by children from ton to sixtcen years old. 146. Cotton Reeb 147. Medicine Spoon. 148. Pipe-bowl, third quality, brought from tho Malabar coast. 149. Stem for above, brought from India. 150. Stopper for the water-bottle used with the above pipe, made in the Maldives. 151. Cotton Reel. 152. Sheet of Tortoiseshell. 153. Second quality Coir Yarn. 154. Spoon made from a coconut shell. 155. Scales made from coconut shells after European models, with weights. 156. Cotton Reel. 157. Child's Toy. 158. Medicine Spoon. 159. Part ola Silver Chain, made by Maldive jeweller, aud worn round the waist. 160. Maldive Shoes, mado of wood, for men and women. 161. Pot of Fish Extract. For the pre paration of this Extract a large iron pot is filled with fresh and sea wator in equul pro portions, into which about six or eight large fish aro put, and the whole is then boiled down to about one-third the original bulk. Tho pot is again filled up with water, and the same number of fish being added the boiling process it repcated. After say three repetitions the residue is strained and left to cool, when a kind of jelly is formed, which is paeked in jan and put asido for use. It is most geverally used as food on sailing vessels trading to Ceylon aud India, and is also caten when the result of a fishery is poor. 162. Pot of Jaggery. 163. Child's Rattle. 164. Scent Bottle in embroidcred case, to hang on tho waistband; mado in the Island. 165. Pieco of Cloth embroidcred iv gold ; specimen of the finest work mado iv the Islands. 166. Sheet of Tortoiseshell. 167. Spoon mado from a coconut. 168. Touchwood for proeuring fire by frictiou. 169. Ball used by women in embroidering, to go with No. 136. 170. Sign put up beforo a houso where a person is lying ill (M. wachuda); a statement of tho persons illness is written on the cloth, together with a prayer to the devil (who ia Bupposed to bo the eauso of illness aud deaths) to effect a cure. 171. Third quality of Coir Yarn. 172. Sheet of Tortoiseshell. 173. Scales made from coconut shells after European model, with weights. 174. Stick used for catebing iusects. 175. Box of "Birdliuic," used with above. 176. Scent Bottle in einbroidored case, to hang on tho waistband, worn by high-casto women. 177. Spoon made from a coconut shell. 178. Wooden Maldiv Shoes for children. 179. Kite. 180. Cover for food-dishes. 181. Paper imitation roso made by a Maldive boy. 182. Finely-worked Maldive Knife, mother of-pearl aud black coral handle (M. Fiyohi). These knives may be considercd almost unique for the excellence of tho carving and inlaying work, as also for their great hundi neaa and portability. They are now, however, very scarce, as tho Maldivians have taken to copying modern models iv many of their manufacturea, and it waB in fact with tho greatest dilliculty that this specimen was procured. a 183. Common kind of Maldive Knife. 184. Betel-box. K
Natural Objects. 13 £100 and £400 ; but during the last fifteen or twenty years the revenue derivcd from this souree has ranged between £1,318 and £4,724. The demand for these shell ornaments amongst the Hindoos of Bengal is maintained by the prevalenee of a singular caste custom which enjoins the rclatives and friends of a deceased person attending a funeral to break all their ornaments as a mark of regard, the mastcr of the house being obliged by custom toreplace them. Further in formation will be found on the descriptive label attachcd to the exhibit. C. H. DE SOYSA, Esq., J.P. [E.].— Three Strings of I'eurls, 310 in number, valued at £1,500. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Collection of Pearl Oyster Shells at various stages of growth:—viz.: one, three, six, nine months, one year, two, three, four, four-aud-a half, and iive-and-a-half years old. DR. "W. C. OND AATJE.—The foliow ing in bottles preserved in spirits:— Full grown Pearl Oystcrs. Young Pearl Oystcrs. Soft Parts of ditto, with ürawings. Spat of I'carl Oystcrs, of two ages. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Specimens of Tambalagam Lakc Pearl Oystcrs (Placuna placenta), from near Trinoomalee. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON—A Largo Box divided into compartments, con taining:—Specimens of live (when fished) Chank Shells and dead ones (when dug out) of tbc five sizes or sorts. Model of the Brass Gauge used in the Customs, Jaffna, for sizing the Chanks. Small Chank Shells. Blowing Chanks, one carved and polished, another fitted with mouthpiece. Blowing Chank mounted in brass and used in a Temple. Banglos and Rings made from Chank Shi Us. Beada made from Chank Shells. A Small Right-Handed Chank mouuted in silver. The lid of the box bcars a long deseriptivo label; also a Map of the Northern Portion of Ceylon showing the parts of the coast where live chanks are fished and dead ones dug out, and figures of the probe and hook used in,the latter process. Sl-XTION 5. Corals. [P.] The ordinary coral of the Jaffna coasts forms a rathcr important article of trade, being taken in considerable quantities to Colombo and Galle by the nativc craft called dhonies at a trifling rate of freight, and there sold to limc burners, the product of the kik) being more highly prized than that made from the limestone of the country, and second only to that made from marine shells. Small quantities of red coral, apparcntly identical with the Meditcrranean and Cape Verde species (Coralliam nobilê), have been found on reefs a short distance from the south-east coast of Ceylon, ncver on the west or north sides of the island, but in such small fragments as to be of trifling value. DR. W. C. ONDAATJE.—Pink Einger Coral. DR. W. A. JAYASINHA.-riuk Coral from the Southern Province. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— White Coral Blocks from Northern Province. Box oontaining Coral and Litue as prepared lor building purposes.
Ethnology. 130 185. Scales mado from coconut shells after European model, with weights. 186. Spoona made from coconut. 187. Bag of Cowrie Shells. (M. Boli.) Cowrie shells serve, 1 the purpose of money for many centuries, and are iv fact still used for local dcalings. The extension of tho foreign trade, however, bas caused Cowriesto besuper seded by a more portable motal currency. The value of Cowries nas fluotuated very considerably, and rangcd from 400,000 to 1,200,0(10 to a dinar of gold. One hundred of these shells is called syah, seven hundred fiil, twelve thousand cotta, ono hundred thou sand bostoü. These Shells are found in myriads at the Maldives. Twice a month, at neap tides, men and women wade into the sea and gather them from under the rocks to which they attaeb themsolvos; one person sometimes gathering as many as twelve thousand in a day. They are then buried until all signs of putrefactiou have disappeared, when they are gonerally packed for market as herc shown. These triangular coconut leaf bags are called pottas, and generally weigh about 25 lbs. each. 188. Cover for Food Dishes. 189. Fish-hook. The mode of fishing with these books adopted by the Maldivians is , el irely different from that in use in Europe. No halt is put upon the book. whieh is trailed astern of the fishing-boat at the end of a short line. When the large fish are seen, small lisbes (a large number of which are carried in the wells of the boats) are thrown out, and tho large fish in their eager pursuit swallow the white hooks, and are thus easily caught. Tlie peculiar oonstruotion of the hookmakes it easy to remove when the fish has been hnuled on board. The number of fish thus taken is very great. 190. Medicine Plate. 191. Touchwood for procuring fire by frietion. 192. Tortoiseshell Comb. 193. Fish-hook. 194. Spoon made from coconut shell. 195. Kotta of Cowrie Shells. 196. Maldive Mat of line make. 197. Seahs made of coconut shells from a European model, with weights. 198. Mat from Suwativa Atol (M. Tudu litna). 199. Fishing line. 200. Spoon made from coconut. 201. Model of a kind of Cotton Reelor. 202. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 203. Scales mado of coconut shells from European model, with weights. 204. (Machuda) Sign placed before a house containing a siek person, the same as No. 170. 205. Binga fur oruamenting swing-ropes. 206. Specimen of the best kind of Boat man's Cap. 207. Yellow and black coloured Cloth. 208. Red and black coloured Cloth. 209. Brown and green coloured (lloth 210. Violet and green coloured Cloth. These cloths are moatly manufactured in Edafuhri Island (Malosmadulu Atol), and are chielly remarkable on account of the great excellence of the dyes employed. Tho prieo is much higher than that of tho cloth importcd from India, but the industry is very flourishing notwithstanding, as every one is expeeted to wear native-made cloth on public occasions. 211- 215. Articles made by boys cight and sixtcen years old. 216. Spoon made from a coconut shell, with wooden handle. 217. Kuife made in the Maldives. 218. Finely-carvcd Bakers Knife, for turn ing cakeß. 219. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 220. Fine old Maldive Knife, whale-tooth handle, inlaid with silver. Old; no work of this kind is now produced iv the islands. 221. (Iliini) Betel-box. 222. (Kairu) Bitter stuff (kind of Aloc) which is mixed with betel. 223. (Una) Areea nut or betel. 224. (Danuirgvla weüi) Saud used for cleaning the teeth. 225. (Lahi) Coconut wood measuro for rice and salt. 226. (Fuaieali) Areea nut Cutter. 227. (Qadwmas) First quality of Dried Fish 228. (Botuma) Second quality of Dried Fish. 229. (llnuituuiu) Third quality of Dried Fish. 230. (Matuma) Fourth quality of Dried Fish 231. (Gidi) Measure for Rice. 232. (Eqtfalc) A Woight. 233. (Deggah) A Weight. 234. (Tuigah)A Weight. 235. Two pieces of a Keil Kite. 236. I'iece of a Blue Kite. These kites may only be llowu l,y permission of the Sultan from December to March. 237. Mat from Suwativa At.,l. 238. (LHahigafu) Water-chatty lor boatman. 239. (llanii) Grindstone. 240. (BattafoUi) Bice-cleaner. 241. (Gnnninaga Fullefy) Kind of dust pan nulde of coconut leaves. 242. (Manditandygandu) Painted Tip-cat. 243. (Wappa) Instrument for cleaning wells. 244. (Lambu) Apparatus used by the natives in climbing trees. 245. (Qondifo) Touohwood, for obteining fire by frielion. 246. (JJumfai) Tobacco.
Ethnology. 131 247. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 248. (Ronadanidi) Stick used for oatch ing insects. 249. (Qnnninaga Fuüefy) Pair of Coconut Leaf Dust-paa. 250. (Fangandu) Plaited Coconut Leaf lor covering roof. 251. Bundlo of the different woods used iv building. 252. (DuuJiuridandi) First quality build ing wood. 253. (Manavaüï) Two Brass Sandal-pegs. 254. (Kada Balt) Silk Keel. 255. (Qnnninaga Fuüefy) I'air of Coconut leaf Dust-pan. 256. i Hagudandi) Second quality of build ing wood. '257. (Kada Fóli) Reel of Sük. 258. (Hallo) Wooden Box, made in the Maldives. 259. Jeweller's Tools, specially used for making No. 150. 260. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 261. ( I 'imbudu Ronu) First quality cordage, used in building. 262. (R«777) Largo Fish Hook. 263. (NaahoUi Sammutta) Small Zinc Medicine Spoon, belonga to No. 258. 264. Small Jeweller's Plicrs. 265. Medium-sized Jeweller's I'liers. 266. Large sized Jeweller's Pliers. (Uandass.) 267. (Fir) Wooden Cover for rice dish. 268. {Dabt, Gorhi Burhi) Designs cut out from a Coconut Shell. 269. (Theouduüi) Sieve, finely carved. 270. (Bun-a) Handle of Instrument of Punishment, a sheet of leather studded with nails is fixed into this, with which from 20 to 100 blows are inllieled. Tho only instrument of corporal punishment ou the Maldives is tho diirrti, consisting of au oval shaped piece of stifl' leather studded with nails and fitted to the handle bere shown. With this 20 to 100 blows aro infiicted according to tho gravity of crime. Tho crimes for which corporal punishment are inflictcd are theft, adultery and tnurder; in the latter two cases banisbiiient-toudistant (and often uninhabited) island is ndded. Mutilation and dcath are never infiicted now. 271. (Firohi) Cotton-reel, used by high castes. 272. (I.ialnirri, Torufó, Karahi) Model of n 1 ,athe. The Maldivians aro very clever in turning. 273. (Bollu Féhlia) Head Covering for the Sultans musieians. 274. (litiu-atlu Ihillu) Stand for Ink-bottle. 275. (Babadi) Bottle for holding sweet nieat-. made out of two coconuts. 276. (Maliafahi) Wooden Box. 277. (Dunkalie) Linen drier. 278. (Ilomliiotli) Coconut Wood Boat. 279. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 280. (Malorhi) Coconut Leaf Basket for bolding the swcepings of tho bouscs. 281. Finely-worked Mat. 282. (Delafai) Woeden Kiee Stirrer. 283. (Folie Üandigandu) Woeden Knife for turning cakes. 284. (Utimati Katahi) Wooden Dish for Rice. 285. Mat from Suwativa. 286. (Uikorrhe Savaka) Cotton Spindle. 287. Mat trom Suwativa Atol. 288. (BaUia Gehi Maliafai (Large Wooden Box for carrying food. 289. (Kéhala Maliafai) Largo Wooden Box. 290. (Mushï) Jeweller's Hammer. 291. (Fitrtishi) Keel tor kite string. 292. (Gomli) Stool for low-oastes, 293. (Bahbati) Coconut Bottle for holding coconut sweetnieat. 294. (Gondifo) Touchwood for obtaining fire by frietion. 295. (Firohi) Handle for No. 293. 296. (Knllulia Gehi Maliafai) Wooden Dish. 297. (FoUidendiganna) Wooden Knife. 298. (llctdnrru) Kite String. 299. (Molloféhdi) First quality stuff for under clothes. 300. Ordinary quality Mat. 301. (Knrendi) Wooden Box with Cover for holding a glass dish. 302. (Fiehgaudu Guda) Pipe-oleaner, brought from India. 3Ö3. (Silimbu) Pipe-bowl; the tobaoco is put into the bowl lirst, then the plug, and above all the lire. 304. (Lolifortli) Plug for Tipc No. 276. 305. Good quality small Mat. 306. (Dumbofai) Tobacco. 307. (Endu) Model of Bed, as used by high castes. '308. (Gottodic) Mattress for No. 307. 309. (Bittdorhi Kanneo) Silk Tillow for back lor Nb. 307. 310. (Bolia Kanneo) Silk Pillow for right side for No. 307. 311. (Fnhlin Kanneo) Silk Pillow for left side for No. 307. All classes in the Maldives sleep on beds made in this fashion, which aro swung to tho ratten of tho houses. lligh casto beds have silk eushions over which is spread a mat similar to No. 1 or 2 of this collection, and the bed is hung by finely worked brass rods or chains, which aro also sometimes further oruameuted with silk cords and tassels. Middle castes' beds havo cloth eushions covered by a mat similar to the No. 3 of this collection, and are suspended by iron chains or rods. Low castes' simply have Btraw covered by a mat similar to No. 4 of this col lection on their beds, which are hung ou coir ropes. When a person is scriously ill, tho bed is
132 Ethnology. unbung, the legs aro fixed, and it then rests on the ground. The Maldive bed is the most important article of fumiture in theihouses, in fact it ia almost the only one, aud much pains are laken to make it as omamental as possible. 312. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 313. (Meduféhdi) Second quality of Cotton Stuff for tin,ler cloth.es. 314. Ordinary quality of Slat. 315. (Edetti) Mallet (belonging with Nos. 298 and 316) with which the cut picees of sweetmcat are beaten flat. 316. (Kammfaiti) Cocouut-wood Knife for cutting sweetmcat. 317. Ordinary quality Mat. 318. (Fuma) Tortoiseshell Comb. 319. Tombstone for men. Tlie sizo shows the caste; high easte havo large, low castes small. 320. (Bodu Lnri) Maldive Coppcr Coin. These coins are still struek ut the Male Mint; on one side is impressed the name of the reigning Sultan, on tho other his title and the Mahomedan date. The metal of which they aro composed contains generally 83*754 per cent. cupper, 2-01 per cent. tin, 18*78 per cent. zinc, and 0-07 percent, iron; but it sometimes varics, the proportion of oopper being occasionally as high as 05 to 97 per cent. They are nominally worth about 25 to tbc rupee, but owing to scarcity they are generally only exebangeablo at 20 to tho rupee. 321. Finely-worked Mat. 322. -' Sausage," coconut sweetmcat, wrapped in coconut leaves and cloth. 323. (Kaluüa) Black Colour for painüng wood work. 324. Spoon made from coconut shell. 325. (Batpenups Bomsa) Medicine Spoon. 326. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 327. (Gunninaga Fullefy) Pair of Coconut leaf Shovels for carrying sweet things. 328. (Huadlboiuii) Coconut Sweetmcat Sausage. 329. (Kudulari) Maldive Copper Money. Equals one quarter of a bodudari, No. 320. 330. (I'iuliili) Coconut-shell Spoon. 331. (Ilaila) Brown Colour for painting wood work. 332. Good quality small Mat. 333. (Lionumat) Pot of Salt Fish. 334. (Bindulla) Yellow Colour for painting woodwork. 335. Coconut Scraper. 336. (Ilnadibondi) Coconut Sweetmcat Sausage. 337. (Liaharri) Model of Turning-Lathe. 338. l'nlinished piece of turned wood, shown with No. 337. 339. (Cwluli) Spoon mado from coconut shell. 340. (Feihilla) Green Colour for painting woodwork. 341. (Gondigandu) Rounded pieco of Wood, used for polisbiug the colours on articles turned ut the lathc. 342. (K.arri). 343. (Liaharri). 344. ( Tundukt arri). Models Of Lathc Tools. 345. Woman'a Tombstone. Tho sizo shows the caste. High castes have large, and low caste small stones. 346. Ordinary quality Mat. 347. Finely worked Mat 348. Model of Ralibatie, or coconut sweet meat-bottle, made by a young boy. 349. Fine quality small Mat. 350. (llamlas) Jeweller's Pliers, 351. (Liakcarri) Large size Lathe Tools. 352. (Faldurba) Gold Chain, worn by women round the neck, and supporting various gold coins. 353. (Gammfordamuti) Finely worked Gold Earrings, with precious stones (high caste women). Twelve are worn in each ear. 354. Pair of Gold Earrings, for middle and low castes. One, two, or more are worn in each ear. 355. Mat from Suwativa Atol. 356. (Larin) Silver Money, called fish-hook mouey. These were in use in the sixteenth and seventeentb centuries, being at that time the only Maldivian coin. They were struek in Male. Their value was about 12,000 eowiies (kotta). For the purpose of making small puymcuts the Idrin was usually cut; but this metbod had its disadvantages aa a loss of ouc-twelfth was thereby incurred. These coins are now cxtremely rare. 357. Paper Lautern for Sultau and high castes. 358. Fine quality small Mat. 359. (Addana) Shield used by the Sultans dancers and feneers, to protect themselvcs from the blows of their companions. 360. (Raila) Red Colour for painting turned woodwork. 361. (Batpenposomsa) Medicine Spoon. 362. Small Silver Maldive Coin. 363. (Katluru) Jeweller's Shears. 364. (Tundukearri) Large-sized Lathe- Tool. 365. Large Silver Maldive Coin. 366. (l)crrafehdi) Third quality Cotton Stuff for under clothes. 367. Mat from Suwativa. 368. Pot of Sweetmcat mado by high castes. 369. (Beru) Large Tom-tom, can only bo beaten with the Sultans permission, or in the case of fire breaking out. 370. Maldive M at. 371. (lAhar) Silken Shirt for Sultan-s Women, embroidcred by the sister of the Prime Minister. 372. Telepbonc made in the Maldives on
Ethnology. 133 the Model of the Tong telephonea sold in England ; called by the natives Telegraph. 373. Maldive Mat 374. (Emwarhi) Small Net-work Baskets for catcbing up the little fisbes carricd in tin-wells of the fishing boats, and tlirowing them into the sea. (Sec under No. 189.) 375. Silk Shirt for high caste women, embroidered by the sister of the Prime Minister. 376. Maldive Mat. 377. Silk Shirt for middle caste women. 378. Silk Shirt for low caste women, these were embroidcred by tbc sister of tbc Prime Minister. Maldive Photographs. H.H. Ibrabim Didi, Vizier to the Sultan (383). Abdullu Didi, steii bruther t,, the Vizier (384) Totu Siddi Lebbe, a Muhammadan priest, and ie i aon ( 579 ) Manifullu Fatima Kilegefaau, Male (380). Group of girls embroidering and smoking HIS). High caste boy (415) Two young high caste boys (400). I.ow easle boy (410). Turner working at his lathc (404). The Sultans band (385). Audience Chamber, Sultans Palace (386). Game of Todu. two groups (381, 382). Game of Malikutarra, two groups (388. 389). House in Male (401). Grave of a high caste man (403). Ceraetery for the high caste peoplo (400). . Cemetery for low caste people (402). Minikoy Lighthouse, Laccadive Islanda (417). U)M>on: rsiKTSD ar william clowss and «ons. limitkd, ötamfueu strekt ASD CHAR.TNG cbom. L
Natural Objects. 14 Section 6. Hunting Trophies, Horns, Tusks, Skins, &c. [A 3.] The most prominent of these are the skulls and tusks of clcphants. These huge animals are now only to be found in large herds, in the dense jungles of the castern and northern districts of the island, where they are remote from the sound of the plantcr's axc. From all localities where planting opcrations are carricd on the elcphant has gradually retired, putting in only an occasional appearance. The tank country between Batticaloa and the Uva mountains is still well stocked with these creatures ; for although their numbers were much reduccd some years ago by the depredations of Moormcn hunters and their slaughter by European sportsmen, the institution by Government of a close season, and the levy of a fee of Rs. io for every license to shoot an elcphant, have donc much to augment their number, and in some of the districts in the vicinity of Hambantota and Yalé they are now quite as numerous as at any formcr time. Much of the country in which these creatures abound is generally unhcalthy, cspccially that between Batticaloa and Welassa. Probably the best elcphant country at the present time is that between Hambantota and the Kumbukkan river, the boundary between the Eastern and Southern Provinccs. The largcst clcphants are to be found in the Tamankaduwa district of the Eastern Province, where they are often shot measuring ten feet. They are also met with in good numbers in the Northern Province, between Puneriya and Mannar, on the north-west coast of the island. During the months of December, January and February, elephants as well as othcr animals forsakc the dense jungles along the base of the Uva mountains for the comparativcly open country near the Eastern sca coast, in order to escape the attacks of the large buffalo flies which abound in forests at that pcriod of the year. Sportsmen may thereforc be tolcrably certain of finding herds of these animals at no great distance from the sea during the months namcd. From January to March, and again in August, are the healthicst times for big game shooting, as the ground has then becomc drier and miasma is no longcr to bc fcarcd, except in very wcll-known localities. Native traekers are usually to be engaged at Hambantota, Batticaloa and Trincomalcc, and for a moderate remuncration will conduct sportsmen
Natural Objccts. 15 to the best ground in their respcctivc districts. Bears and buffaloes are to be met with in the jungles above namcd ; the former are also found in the wild country to the north of Trincomalee as well as in the Wanni district of the North-Wcstern Province. They are cxtrcmely shy, and are seldom if ever seen in open day. These, howevcr, as well as leopards (erroneously called " cheetah " in Ceylon),. can usually be shot in the very dry months by watching for them at night, when they visit water holes or tanks. Buffaloes have becomc very scarce owing to murrain, which has spread to them from the village cattle, often to a very serious extent. From Ham bantota to Potana on the cast coast there is an abundance of large game. From Yalé to Potana is perhaps the best shooting-ground in the country. Fine open plains extend on all sides, and deer and buffaloes are to be found in large numbers, the former about the lagoons, the latter, with clcphants, in the jungles. This latter game abound on the banks of the Wellaway river. The Sambur deer (strangcly called "elk" in Ceylon) are common r especially in the hills, where they are hunted with dogs and killed with the knife. The horns shown in this section are thosc of the buffalo, elk or Sambur deer, red deer and spotted deer. Elk and deer horns only are exported in quantity as articles of commerce, and they were shippcd last year to the value of Rs. 30,000. They are brought to Colombo by native trading vessels chiefly from the Eastern Province. Elephant tusks are so rarely met with as to bc regarded as trophies to be retained for show rather than for salc. Six pairs are shown mounted on handsome carved stands as ornaments, the largest of those shown wcighs nincty pounds, but Ceylon tusks do not generally average more than sixty or seventy pounds weight. It is calculated by sportsmen that not more than two or three per cent. of the elephants seen in Ceylon are tuskers, hence the scarcity of ivory in the island. The feathers of the pcacock (Pavo cristatns) shown are from. the district of Hambantota, on the cast coast of the island, where these birds abound amongst the low scrub and open lands about the lagoons and tanks. There is notrade in these feathers, the number of male birds being limited. The peahen is to be met with in large numbers, but sportsmen as a rule ftnd them not easy to approach. When young, the flesh of the hen is excellent, quitc cqual to that of a wcll-fed turkcy. They are to bc found from Tangalla out the south to Batticaloa on the north.
16 Natural Objects. R. BEAUCHAMP DOWNALL Esq.—Glass case containing 'a group of two Lcopards and a Dog, one of the lcopards having been knifedbytheexhibitor.* Two cases of stuffed Ceylon Birds. A case containing a flying Squirrel, a Jungle Cat, and a Hare. A case containing a flying Squirrel. A case of Ceylon Hawks and <Kvls. A case of a Ceylon Fishing Engle and Kites. A case containing a Memmina or Mouse Deer. A case contain ing a pair of Ceylon Kingfishers. Five stafled Sambur Hcads. Three Axis Heads. Four Buffalo Heads. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON— Head and Foropart of a Rogue Elephant shnt by Mr T. N. Christie, and mountcd by Bow land Ward, of 106, Piccadilly. [This exhibit stands close to and jnst outside of the west entrance to the Court.] W. "W. MARTYN, Esq.—Two Elephant Skulls, two Pads,'twelve Tails, six Tushes, two Teeth aud six Leg Bones, an Alligators Head, alïoar's Skull, a Python Skin, and two Toncan Heads. LORD H. PATJLET.—A line stuffed Buffalo Head. B. PANSHAWE, Esq.—An Elephant Skull. E. SWYNY, Esq.—A Stuffed Flamingo. A Tea Cosey made out of an clephant's ear. MESSRS. A. ORCHARD & M. GREIG.—A number of Elephants' Pads, mountcd and unmounted. LIETJT.-COLONEL H. "W. J. HÏÏB BACK, R.A. — Bear, Scaly armadUlo, Leopard skins, 2 reacock skins, &c. SIR C. P. LAYARD, K.C.M.G.— Two Crocodile Skulls. LORD COKE.—A very Erge Leopard Skin, mountcd. MRS. PISHER.—An Elephant Pad, mountcd. C. A. MLTRRAY, Esq. C.C.S.—Pea eoek Tails. Besidea the foregoiug a number of Buffalo. Sambur and Axis Ilorns havo been contri butod, principally by the Government of Ceylon, Messrs. R. Beauohamp Downall, W. W. Martyn, E. C. Fisher, and a number of others. Skins of lcopards, bcars, red and axis deer, and buffalo have been exhibited by Messrs. F. C. Fisher and others, The following gentlemen have lent tusks for exhibition:— C. H. DE SOYSA, Esq.—Six pairs" of Tusks, mounted on stands of Calamandcr, Tamarind and Ebouy. These include two, six feet three inches loug, the longest in Ceylon. HULUGALLE, R.M.—Three large Tusks. "W. S. MURRAY, Esq.—Single large Tusk. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Tair of Tuska. For aale at £40. CAPTAIN M. W. SKINNER, R.E. —Pair of large Tuska. D. C. DE SILVA.—SmaII Tusk, for sale at £3. Section 7. Zoological Collections. No attempt has been made to form anything likc a Natural History Museum, but some animals of interest or beauty are exhibited. The coast ncar Trincomalec is especially rich in marine shells and the collection shown was largely obtained thence. The Buttcrflics exhibited are a carcfully selectcd typical series of correctly namcd cxamples. Ceylon possesses a large reptile fauna ; there are howcver very few, not more than 5 or 6, poisonous snakes, of which the Cobra (Naja tripudians) and the Tic-polonga (Daboia Russellii) are * A detailed account of the episode which resulted in the death of this magnificent leopard is printed scparately. Copies can be obtained from the Court attendant.
Food Products. 17 by far the commonest ; the specimens of snakes are preserved in spirit in bottlcs. SIR C. P. LAYAHD, K.C.M.a.—A collection of thirty-sovon species ot Geylon Snakes in bottles. [P.] A lar<»e colleotion of Ceylon freshwater and marine shells in travs. ' [C. D. & L.] A. P. GREEN, Esq.—A seleeted series of Ceylon Butterfües in four doublé cases. [L.] CLASS 11. FOOD PEODÜCTS. Section r. Cofifee {Coffea arabicd). [R. U. and V.] This is placed first in our list of the food products of Ceylon, as it formcd for many years the most valuable of our exports, providing cmployment for a larger number of labourers than any other European industry in the island. The abolition of slavcry in the British West Indies, foliowed by a decline in the cultivation of coffec in those islands, at the precisc time when the interior of Ceylon was opencd up by roads and bridgcs, led the then Governor, Sir E. Barnes, to commcnce the cultivation of the plant a few miles from Kandy, at an elcvation of about cighteen hundred fect above sea-level. His example was shortly aftcrwards foliowed by a few private individuals, to whom free grants of Crown lands were given, with highly successful results. A reduction of the import duty on coffce in England, soon aftcrwards foliowed by abundant crops of the berry in the first plantations, led to a rapid demand for land for coffee-planting : five shillings an acre were charged for land for a few years, the price being ultimatcly raiscd to 2oj. High prices and abundant crops soon caused a large flow of capital into the country. Good forest land was eagerly competed for at public sales, realising ten pounds the acre, until in 1870 it was estimated that there were upwards of 150,000 acres under this cultivation divided into 1,000 cstates, giving cmployment to a quarter of a million of coolics, and to about 50,000 in connected industries in Colombo ; the exports of the bean having risen to 885,728 cwts., the shipments of native or village-grown coffee being 128,177 cwts. During the thirty years covercd by the growth of the industry to these large proportions the article had become firmly cstablished as c
18 Food Products. a favourite in the markets of the world, its fine flavour commending it to all lovers of the bean, the price realised being above the produce of all other countries with the exception of that from Mocha. The flourishing course of the Ceylon coffee industry was chequered by one or two crises in the commercial and planting world, but propcrtïes rosé steadily in value, and before the collapse of the enterprise from leaf diseasc as much as £90 to £130 an acre were paid for highly cultivatcd propertics in favoured localities. This industry led to an mercase in the importation of rice for coolies' use from two millions to five millions of bushels yearly, yielding by import duty a revenue of a million and a quarter of rupees. The cultivation, commenced under all the disadvantages of inexperience, had at the period last named maturcd into skilful culture, whilst at the same time improved modes of preparation by coffee curers in Colombo left scarcely anything to bc desired. Some districts had been found unsuitable for the successful growth of coffee, and these were gradually abandoncd as the trees ceased to bear. These mostly rangcd in altitude from a thousand to eightecn hundred feet abovc sca-levcl, and the fact became established that what is known as fine mountain berry was chicfly to be grown at altitudes between three and five thousand fcet above the sea. In 1873 the exports of coffee, both plantation and native, amounted to 951,591 cwts.; three years later they had declined to 665,626 cwts. ; rallying in the following year to 974,333 cwts., a total never again realised. The shipments have since gradually declined, until in 1883 they were only 260,053 cwts., "native" coffee showing no larger quantity than 14,472 cwts. In 1884 the shipments of both de scriptions amounted to only 311,969 cwts. In 1885 they were 310,922 cwts., whilst the estimate for the current season is not abovc 200,000 cwts. The cause of this heavy falling off in production is to bc found in the ravages of a fungus (Hcmileia vastatrix) which first appeared in one of the Eastern coffee districts of the island in the year 1869, extending in the course of a few years over the greater part of the interior, with the rcsult that not a single district is now frec from it. The investigations of experts have failed to discover any remedy for this pest, which thrcatens the existence of coffee throughout the island. The range of priecs of Ceylon coffee has been as great as the dcclinc in the production. In 1838 good plantation coffee sold in
Food Products. 19 London at in the year 1849 it had fallen to 38J.: it has since touchcd 130.J., and at the present time, aftcr scvcral fluctuations, is quoted at 665. Price appears to exercise littlc if any influencc on consumption in Great Britain, the average taken per head of the population having varied very slightly during a number of years. The following figures show the consumption of coffec in various countrics: Holland, average per head of population, 21-o lbs. Denmark ~ ~ 138 9 .. Belgium ~ ~ ij'4B ~ Norway ~ ~ 9*Bo ~ United States „ ~ 7 - 6 l ~ Switzerland ~ ~ 703 ~ Sweden ~ ~ 6" II ~ Eranee ~ ~ 2-73 ~ Austria ~ ~ 2-13 ~ Greece ~ >> 1-42 ~ United Kingdom ~ ~ i'o ~ Italy ■. »> i'o ~ Russia ~ ~ o- 19 ~ G. H. D. ELPHINSTONE, Glen lyon, Dimbula. —Óoffee. N. C. DAVIDSON, Beriagalla, Ha putale.—Coffee. PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OF CEYLON.— Specimens of ooffee exhibited in barrels,made in Ceylon, from the following estates: Oonoonagalla, Dambekelle, NortH Poondoolova, Middleton, Warleigb, Kintyre, Kiilburne, Wiharagalla, and a exliibit from Messrs. Bosanquet & Oo,',Colombo, of low grown cnftuo. The; show, First, the parchiucnt o ffl-o in the state in wfaioh it is sent from the e8lates to Colombo to be cured; .Seeondly, the pea-berry, or round beans, wliich are eoparated in courso of preparaliün, and which generally conimand a fancy price in the trade ; Thirdly, the large size coffee; and Fourthly, the ordinary, or bulk. G. H. D. ELPHINSTONE, Logie, Dimbula.—Coffees. MESSRS. WHITTALL & CO., Co lombo.—Native Coffees. CEYLON LAND AND PRODTJCE CO., North Matale.—Liberian Coffees. CEYLON LOW-COUNTRY PRO DUCE CO., Udagama, Southern Pro vince.—Liberian Coffees. JAMES WESTLAND,"Wiharaterme, Haputale.— Liberian Coffees. SECTION 2. Tea (Caniellia Thea). [T. and V.] The cultivation of the tea-plant in Ceylon dates from about the period when leaf disea.se made its first serious attacks on coffee. It was introduced cxpcrimcntally in 1842, but only to bc abandoned, and it was rt\>t until it was plantcd on two estates in the Upper and Lowcr Hevvaheta districts that the cultivation can be said to have been systcmatically taken in hand. Some years, hovvever, •clapsed beforc any genera! attention was paid to this new and little understood product; and when at length the opinion of the home C 2
Natural Objccts. 2 on exposure to the action of the atmosphere, and cabook walls may still be seen of metallic hardness that have resisted the action of the monsoons of two centurics. THE GOVERNMENT OF CEY LON.—(I) Gneiss Rock from Mahara, Western Province (poliahed and unpolished). (2) Limestone from the Dolosbage district, Western Province. (3) f'abnok, or laterite, from Colombo. (4) Sandstono from Pamunu gaina, from the sea coast of the Colombo district. (5) White Coral from JatTna, Northern Province. A. M. FERGUSON, Esq., C.M.G.— Red Granite from Veyangoda, Western Pro vince. [The specimens are ent according to tho instructiona of the Royal Conrmission into Moeke of 24" x 12" X 12" and 13" X l 3" X l 3", in order to constitute uniform pedestals.] Section 2. Ores and Minerals. [P. L. A.] The exhibits consist of iron, ironstonc, tak and plumbago. The first exists in far larger quantities than has been generally sup posed, and is of excellent quality in some districts, cropping up close to the banks of rivers in huge masses of ore, which, according to the statement of a scientist, contains occasionally as much as seventy per cent. of pure metal. Owing to the allcged presence of a certain pro portion of molybdenum in this ore, it is said to be very readily fused, and, as worked by Kandyan smelters in the manufacturc of tools, is believed to be of as fine quality as Swcdish steel. Notwithstanding the excellence of much of the ironwarc importcd from England, a native agriculturist will in most instances prefcr to work with his own home-made cattie or axc, from charcoal smelted ore. Before the time when the entire island passed into the possession of the British Sovereign, and a mutual trade was opened between the natives of the interior districts and English dealers in hardware, there is no doubt that the requirements of the population in the matter of agri cultural and artificers' tools as well as of weapons of offence were met by the native blacksmith and the Kandyan armourcr. So early even as in the time of the Portuguese they provided thcmselves with useful copics of the European musket, and met the invaders of thcir territories with weapons, the make and use of which a long period of warfare had rendcred familiar to them. In many parts of the interior heaps of iron slag and charcoal ashes may still be seen, the remains of a bygone industry, and it would appear that in some localities the process of smelting by charcoal is still carried on upon a limited scale. The low price at which iron and steel ware can be
Food Products. 20 trade was given in favour of Ceylon tca, it was still regarded as a doubtful industry. The alarming effccts of the fungus pest on coffee by degrecs caused attention to bc given to the growth of tea, and this was strengthcned by the favourablc accounts received by the pioneers of the new industry of the quality of their early shipments. Still the attachment to the old enterprise was so strong amongst the planting community that some years elapscd bcfore any large extent of land was planted with tea, and then only on abandoncd or poorly bearing coffee estates. The necessity for adopting the use of special ap pliances in machinery and buildings was in the first instancc a difficulty ; but when it camc to be seen how fatal to the coffee enterprise the fungus pest was likely to be, planters possessing the means to embark in the new industry. no longer hesitated, and before half-a-dozen years had elapsed from the date of the first small shipments in 1873, the exports of the leaf had risen to more than half a million lbs. The earliest plantings were on portions of old coffee, and when a few years later that cultivation bcgan to show signs of failure in several localities, planters were more strongly induced to regard tea as a successful substitute for their old industry—coffee. The enterprise has been too recently established in Ceylon to cnable any reliable data to be given as to average producc per acre at different altitudes : there is at present a very limited acreage in what is considered full bearing, but, so far as present limited experiencc cnables vs to judge, the yield ranges from 250 lbs. to 500 lbs. pcriacre, though larger quantities are given on some favourably situatcd estates. The question of quality, as dependent upon altitude or of perma nency of yield, has not yet been answered. Tea grown at three hundred feet abovc sea-level has sold as high as leaf from a plantation five thousand feet high: and again, as regards old coffee land, two estates which invariably command the highest prices are for the most part portions of old coffee plantations. Nor does experience as yet cnable any positive statement to be made as to the comparative permanent yield of new forest land and old coffee estates. How the Ceylon tea industry has grown within the last ten years may be seen by reference to the figures below giving the exports for each season ending 30th September. It should be noted, however, that tea was exportcd, probably by way of obtaining the opinion of experts on its quality, as early as 1873 ; moreover the local consumption of island-grown tea has gone on steadily increasing, until at the present
Food Products. 21 time the importation of tea from China to Ceylon has practically ceased. Export of Tea from Ceylon : — Season ending 3oth September, 1876 282 lbs. „ 1877 1,175 .. 1878 3.515 .» 1879 81,595 .■ ii 11 1880 103,624 ~ ~ ~ 1881 277,590 , 11 ~ 1882 623,292 ~ 11 ~ 1883 1,522,882 ~ 1884 2,262,539 ~ 1885 3,796,684 ~ That this increasc in the sale of Ceylon teas in the London market is the rcsult of high quality is shown by the following quotation from the circular of a leading firm of tea-brokers : —" The charactcristics which distinguish the best Ceylon teas are richness of flavour combined with strength in cup, and in some cases a closely twisted ' tippy' leaf —the results of most carcful cultivation and systematic attention to every detail of manufacturc. The finest type of Ceylon teas has a merit of its own, which is not unlikcly to command a market for itself: while for such as do not possess this distinctive fine character, prices will always follow, more or less regularly, the movements of the general market." This merit arises from a high culture of the plant, and a thoroughly scientifie and mechanical manipulation of the leaf during the process of manufacturc. On a Ceylon Tea Estatc the leaf is ncver allowed to be handled, from the moment it passes into the factory to the time it is bulkcd in a huge heap, preparatory to packing in chests ; every stage in the delicate opcration is passed automatically, and thus the most rigorous clcanlincss and freedom from possible taint is secured. Consumcrs will do well to bear this in mmd when wéighing the qualities and prices of Ceylon teas as against those from China. There is moreover the argument in favour of tea from a British Colony that the national fccling is daily becoming strongcr to consume articles grown in our own empire over those of foreign countries. There is good reason to expect that the island will ultimately produce forty or fifty million pounds of good tea annually, and it is confidently hoped that the wholc of this quantity will be taken by the tea-drinkers of Great Britain and the United States, in preference to an equal quantity of the poor, thin teas from Shanghai and Foochow, even though at a trifling advancc on price.
22 Food Products. The experiencc gaincd to the present time of the cost of tea cultivation in Ceylon leavcs no doubt of it being a highly profitable enterprise, without calculating upon more than an ordinary annual yield of 300 lbs. an acre. Even in the event of present home prices declining two or three pence per lb, there would still be an ample margin of profit over first outlay and working expenses. The universal employment of machincry in substitution for manual labour not only turns out the prepared leaf in a far cleaner cow\\Ï\oï\ than could bethe case by hand work, but it effects a sensible saving in the cost of the articlc. 1. Three satinwood cases,made at the Ceylon Government Factory, containing samples of teas as ordinarily prepared in Ceylon, from the thirty-six following estates, and sorted I into the various grades of Brokcn Pekoe, i ï'ekee, and Pekoe Souehong. The two side cases contain a series of photo- ; graphioviews by Mr. M. H. Clerk. illustrative | of twelve operationB connected with the cul tivation and manufacture of tea. Above the.-e I cases is also a series of photographs by W. 11. ■ Sker-n fr ('o., exhibited by Mr. A. M. Fer guson, C.M.G., ot' Abbotsford Estate, showing views from different points on tbc property, and giving an insight into the cultivation of coffee, cinchona, and tea : also paintings from lil'c of the Assam hybrid tea plant, Arabian and Liberian coffees, Cacao and Mnlabar cardamoms. A diagram prepared by Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and Stanton, tea-brokors, shows the progress of Ceylon tea. PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OP CEYLON. Commercial Teas. 1. DOLOSBAGE & YAKDESSA ASSOCIATION, St. Helen's, Dolos bage. Elevation, 3,200 feet. Bainfall, 2UO inches. 2. HUGH PARRY, Hardenhuish, Ambegamuwa. Elevation, 3,400 to 3,800 feet. Kainfall, about 190 inches. 3. MACKWOOD & CO., Gallebodde, Ambagamuwa. Elevation, 2,300 to 2,500 feet. Rainfall, about 200 inches. 4. K. A. W., LEECHMAN & CO., Ambagamuwa. Elevation, 1,800 to 5,500 feet. Bainfall, about 180 inches. 5. Per CEYLON COMPANY, LIMITED, Vellaioya, Ambagamuwa. Eb vation, 2,800 to 4,200 feet. Rainfall (average for five years), 181-25 inches. 6. SHELTON AGAR, Agarsland, Balangoda. Elevation, 2,300 feet. Rain fall, 150 inches. 7. ARTHUR E. SCOVELL Strath ellie, Yakdessa. Elevation, 2,500 feet. Kainfall. annually, 180 inches. 8. C. S. ARMSTRONG. Rookwood, Hewalieta. Elevation, 5,000 to 5,700 feet. Kainfall, Üö inches. 9. Per DIMBULA ASSOCIATION, Waltrim, Dimbula. Elevation, 1 .::u() feet. Kainfall, 110 inches. 10. Per MASKELIYA ASSOCIA TION, Dalhousie, Maskeliya. 11. JAMES H. BARBER, Black stone, Ambagamuwa. Elevation, 2,500 feet. Bainfall, 100 to 200 inches. 12. Per DOLOSBAGE & YAK DESSA ASSOCIATION, Yellan j gowry, Dolosbage. 13. A. PEATHERSTONHAUGH, I Bridwell, Dikoya. 14. DIMBULA ASSOCIATION. Diagamma, Dimbula. 15. KELANI VALLEY ASSOCIA TION, Avisawella. 16. J. H. DE CAEN, Helbodde, Pusselawa. Elevation, 3,400 feet. Bain fall, 130 inches. 17. DOLOSBAGE & YAKDESSA ASSOCIATION, Gallamudone, Dolos bage. Elevation, 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Rain fall, about 200 inches. 18. MASKELIYA ASSOCIATION, Elflndale, Maskeliya. 19. ERIC S. ANDERSON, Dean ; stone, Medamahanuwara. Elevation, ! 3,500 feet. Kainfall, 120 inches.
Food Products. 23 20. H. H. KIRBY, Hiralouvah, Haldummulla. 21. MASKELIYA ASSOCIATION, Scarborough, Maskeliya, 22. R. S. FRASER, Kandenewera, Matale East. Elevation, 2,400 feet. Rain fall, 110 inches. 23. J. L. ANSTRUTHER, Dunsi nane, Pundaluoya. Elevation, 4,000 to 4,800 feet. Rainfall, 125 inches. 24. GILES P. WALKER, St. John Del Rey (Bogawantalawa), Dikoya. Elevation, 4,200 to 4,500 feet. Rainfall, about 120 inches. 25. THOMAS GRAY, Bunyan, Maskeliya. 26. DOLOSBAGE & YAKDESSA ASSOCIATION, Dedugalla, Dolos bage. OOter Teas. F. "W. BYRDE, AvisaweUa.—Teas, indigenous Assam variety. S. D. POWLER, Oliphant, Nuwara Eliya.—Teas, Cliina variety. KELANI VALLEY ASSOCIA TION, Dewala Kanda, Avisawella.— Faooy Teaa, KELANI VALLEY ASSOCIA TION, Dunedin, Avisa'wella.— Faucy Teaa JAMES H. BARBER, Blackstone, Ambagamu'wa.—Fancy Teas. QEORGE D. JAMIESON, Maria watte, Kadugannawa.—Funcy Teas. JOHN MAITLAND, Lauderdale, Rakvrana. — Fancy Teaa. GEORGE KYD, "Windsor Forest, Dolosbage.—Fancy Teos. J. ROYDON HUGHES, Galboda, Ambagamuwa.—Fancy Teas. A. E. "WRIGHT, New Brunswick, Maskeliya.—Fancy Teas. HUGH FRASER, Kandenewera, Matale.— Teas. There are also samples from about 150 Ceylon estates shown in the exhibits of Messrs. H. S. King & Co. (Tea Trophy) in the North Court. Section 3. Cacao (Theobroma Cacao). [R.] The cacao plant, likc that of tea, was introduced expcrimentaHy into Ceylon many years before its cultivation was undertaken as a business pursuit; ccrtainly before 1819. Of a consignment brought from Trinidad about the year 1835, a few plants were put out in the Government Garden, as well as in some othcr grounds at Kandy, and years afterwards seeds from them were plantcd in the Fallakelle Estate, in the vale of Dumbara, a few miles to the eastward of the mountain capital, about the bungalow, with an eye to the picturesque rather than the practical. The soil being a rich deep loam, and the position well shcltered from winds, the twenty or thirty young plants that resulted from this sced grew apace, and in the course of time maturcd and bore fruit; but no heed was taken of these beyond gathcring a few of them occasionally for use in the bungalow. In
24 Food Products. 1573, howevcr, a few bags of the seed were shippcd to London and reported upon by the brokers as worth yos. per cwt., which led to the trees being carcd for, and a nurscry formed, from which nearly all the present plantations have been stockcd. The altitude of the vale of Dumbara, where this tree has been successfully cultivated, is 1,600 feet above sca-level, with an average rainfall of less than sixty inches, which is now, however, considered insufficiënt for the yield of abundant [crops. The favourable reports upon the early shipments of this new product by London brokers, and the Teadiiiess with which the plant was found to thrivc in suitable localities, free from wind and favoured by rainfall, soon led to a large extension of this cultivation. In the Matale, Kurunegala, and Kcgalla districts, this tree thrives and yields as abundantly as in Dumbara, and although the exports of the bcan have not answered expectation, the chicf causc is well known to have been a drought of great scverity. The tree thrives well at sea-level, and even up to 3,000 feet ; but the soil must be of a good friablc nature and of some depth, for the tree is a deep feeder. The early plantings of cacao were undcr deep shade, but this has been found objcctionable when in excess, a little lofty shade and complete protection from wind being, however, necessary. In suitable soil and with sufficiënt rainfall, the growth of the tree is rapid, and at three years of age it will begin to givc erop, and continue to increase in yield up to its tenth or twelfth year, when it will have attained maturity. The dccrcasc in the shipments of this bean in 1885 was owing to the attacks of an insect pest, combined with a prolonged drought, the rcsult having been in some cases the dcath of very many trees and the abandonment of more than one cacao plantation. The exports of this bcan have grown from very small beginnings —say, 122 cwts. in 1880, to 3,588 cwts. in 1883, 9,863 cwts. in 1884, and 6,758 cwts. only in 1885. The quality of Ceylon cacao has become so well appreciated in European markets that it has com manded the highest prices of the day, and is sought for by the best makers of Ercnch chocolate on account of its fine qualities. The exhibits shown in the Ceylon Court are from estates in each of the chicf cacao-growing districts of the island, Dumbara, Matale, Pcradeniya, and Kurunegala. What the quality of the bean is may best bc learnt at the Ceylon Tea-house, where a cup of cacao or the articlc itself in packets, may bc obtained.
Food Products. 25 PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OF CEYLON. 1. WILLIAM JARDINE, Udapolla, Polgahawella.—Cacao. 2. WILLIAM JARDINE, Udapolla, PolgahaweUa. —" Caracas " Cacao. 3. R. S. FRASER, Wariapolla, Ma tale. —Cacao, Wasbed. 4. R. S. FRASER, Wariapolla, Ma tale. —Cacao, Unwashed. 5. CEYLON COMPANY IN LI QUIDATION, Bulatwatte, Matale.— " Forastero " Cacao. 6. H. J. VOLLAR, Pallekelle, Dum bara.—Cacao. 7. J. A. FERDINANDUS, Good view, Kandy. —" Caracas " Cacao. 8. J. A. FERDINANDUS, Good view, Kandy.— Cacao. 9. J. H. BARBER, Lewelle, Kandy. —Cacao. 10.—THOMAS HUXLEY, Ferade niya, Kandy. —Cacao. 11. WHITTALL & CO., Berede welle, Matale.—Cacao. 12. EDMUND JEFFRIES, Ganga rowa, Peradeniya. —Cacao. 13. D. C. WOOD, Ingrugalla, Dolos bage.—Cacao, yellow. 14. D. C. WOOD, Ingrugalla, Dolos bage.—Cacao, red. 15. J. K. INGLETON, Rajawelle, D umbara. —Cacao. 16. THE CEYLON LAND AND PRODUCE COMPANY, LIMITED. North Matale, Matale. —Cacao. Models of pods of the different varieties of cacao grown in Ceylon may be soeu in life size on the top of tiie case. Section 4. Spices. (d). CINNAMON (Cinnamomum zeylanicmn) [X.]. —This spice was a commercial object with the first European settlers in the island, the Portuguese, and when the maritime provinces of Ceylon feil into the hands of the Dutch they lost no opportunity of extending the trade by the cultivation of the plant on a large and improved basis. The British, who becamc masters of the island in the later years of the last century, were cqually solicitous regarding a trade which was capable of yielding such large returns. In the early part of the present century, and down to about 1840, the first quality of this spice commandcd as much as cight shillings a pound, second sorts selling for six shillings. Until 1533 the cultivation and trade in cinnamon were vested solely in the Government, who maintaincd a large and costly establishment under highly paid European supervision, for the proper care of the fine plantations which yieldcd the cight thousand bales, which then formed the total export of the spice. In the year abovc namcd the monopoly was abandoned, the Government sold off their large stocks of the spice, as well as their gardens, which have sincc been cultivated by private individuals. Larger crops and competition from inferior spice from the Malabar coast and China
26 Food Products. have gradually lowcrcd the value in the home markets, and the best Ceylon cinnamon is now sclling at a little more than a shilling a pound, so that only very well cultivated and carcfully managed propertics yield an income to the proprictors. An inferior description of this spice is shippcd undcr the name of " Chips," being the cuttings from imperfectly-grown cinnamon branches. The exports of these two kinds are shown by the figures below :— 1 Cinnamon in Bales. Chips. 1885 . . . 1,574,022 . . . 628,914 1884 . . . 1,796.372 • • • 538,577 1883 . . . 1,402,429 . . . 336,872 1882 . . . 1,599,327 . . . 394,731 1881 . . . 1,319,406 . . . 321,722 18S0 . . . 1,395,534 ■ • • 474.484 1879 . . . 1,219,208 . . . 188,518 1875 . . . 1,298,304 . . . 259,174 1577 . . . 1,063,107 . . . 284,664 1876 . . . 1,262,250 . . . 258,381 Chips are largcly used in the manufacture of Thorlcy's food for cattle, as well as in perfumery, and in the distillation of cinnamon oil, a good deal of which is also made in the island. The current value of cinnamon is now about is. $d. for first quality, nine pence toeleven pence for second sorts, and six pence to eight pence for third quality, priecs which leave no profit for the cultivators of ordinary gardens. S. D. A. RAJAPAKSE.—(I) One bale Kadirana, very superior. (2) One bale Kadirana, superior. (3) Three bales Kadirana, plantation. H. DE SILVA ARACHCHL—(I) One bale Kadirana, superior. (2) One bale Kadirana, plantation. G. DE CROOS.—(I) One bale Ekelle. No. 1 quality. (2) One bale Ekelle, No. 2 quality. C. H. DE SOYSA.— Three bales Cinna mon, lst quality. GOVERNMENT OF CEYION. (1) Six puckages MaracUitm, Crown Gardcns, uil qualities. (2) One package Wild Cinna mun, Kegalla District. J. F. DRIEBERG.—(1) Five parcels (net 50 lbs.) Ekelle, all qoalities. (2) 1 parcel (net 25 lbs.), Ektlle, superior. (3) 4 parcels Kkelle, nnqnilled. J. DE MEL.-Small bale Moratu-no, plantation. (b). CARDAMOMS {Elettaria cardamomunt). [S.] This aromatic product is the secd of a rced-like plant, growing abundantly in the hill districts of Travancore, Malabar, Coorg and Munzerabad. It bclongs to the natural order of gingers (Ziugiberaceé), and is a little like the flags found along the banks of rivers in England ; and if one can imagine these as growing in clusters like sheaves of corn, seven to cight feet apart, and from cight to twelve feet high, with spreading
Food Products. 27 umbrageous tops, bcncath open forest, a good idca of a cardamom plantation can bc formed. The flovvers and fruit-capsulcs appear on racemes which spring from the base of each stem (rhizomc), the former being a creamy white with deep pink markings. In Ceylon there are two kinds of the cultivated plant: the ordinary Malabar kind, which throws out its racemes horizontally over the surface of the ground, and is the kind most usually grown ; and the Allcpcy (commonly called the Mysore) kind, which has upright racemes, is very robust in growth,, and not so particular in its requirements as the Malabar, standing drought and a high altitudc bcttcr. It is not, however, as productivc as the Malabar is when under thoroughly suitable circumstances. There is also a native Ceylon variety of the plant with the capsules much longer, but this is not cultivated, though the Sinhalcse gather the capsules in the jungles, and prepare them without any special care for exportation. Upon plantations in Ceylon the seed-capsulcs are usually cut off by coolies with scissors. They are then spread out in trays and slowly dried, and when this is complete they are blcachcd ;. this, with packing, finishes the opcration, the chief aims always being to prepare them without splitting the capsule and to have them of a whitish straw colour, full and solid. If gathered immature, the seeds are of a light colour, and the general appearance is termed by the trade " lean." The market is a variable one, the consumption being limited, so that one large and successful clearing may influence the prices. India is a great consumcr of the spice, for cooking and masticating purposes. 1. J. A. SPENCE, Yalarissa.— Canlamoms. 2. H. J. MARTIN, New Laxapana galla, Maskeliya.—Cardamoms, Malabar. 3. H. J. MARTIN, New Laxapana galla, Maskeliya.—Cardamoms, Mysore. 4. H. A. SWAN, Gammadua, Matale. —Cardamoms. 5. LIQUIDATOR, ORIENTAL BANK, Havilland, Dolosbage.—Car damoms. 6. HUGH FRASER, Kandenewera, Matale.—Cardamoms, Malabar. 7. H. A. DOVE, NagaUa, Matale.— Cardamoms, Mysore. 8. T. S. DOBREE, Tarifa, Nitre Cave.—Cardamoms. 9. A.M. WHITE, St. Martins, Nitre Cave.—Cardamoms. 10. E. S. ANDERSON, Enselwatte, Medamahanuwara.—Cardamoms, Mala bar. 11. E. S. ANDERSON, Deanstone, Medamahanuwara. — Cardamoms, My sore. 12. E. S. ANDERSON, Kobinella, Medamahanuwara. —Cardamoms, Mala liar. 13. E. S. ANDERSON, Kobinella. Medamahanuwara. —Cardamoms, 31a la bar. 14. CAREY, STRACHAN, & Co., Katooloya, Knuckles.—Cardamoms, My sore. 15. CAREY, STRACHAN, & C 0.,. Katooloya, Knuckles.—Cardamoms, Ma labar.
28 Food Products. 16. CAREY, STRACHAN, & Co., Katooloya, Knuckles.—Cardamoms, In digenous (Ensal of the Sinhalese). 17. JAMES WESTLAND, Gol eonda, Haputale.—Cardamoms, Mysore. 18. JAMES WESTLAND, Gol conda, Haputale. —Cardamoms, Malabar. Bottles of Cardamom Secds from various cstates stand on the top of this case. and also a series of views by Mr. Malcolm H. Clerk, illustrative of various operations incidental to tea making. (c). Nutmegs AND MACE. (Myristicafragrans). [P. and S.] This well-known spice is not largely produced, the annual value of the exports being Rs. 26,000. It is grown in the low country and in the Kandyan districts, at altitudes ranging from a thousand to cighteen hundred feet, chiefly by natives. R. BOT. GARDENS, Peradeniya.— Nutmegs and Mace from trees over 60 years old growing in the Gardens. _ N. S. FERNANDO.— SampIes grown in Kalutara district. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Nutmegs from Kégalla district. J. L. DEWAR, Roseneath, Kandy.— Nutmegs. J. L. DEWAR, Roseneath, Kandy.— Mace. (d). Cloves (Eugcuia caryopkyllatd). These are produced to even a more limited cxtent than the prcviously named spice. The tree thrives in similar localities to the nutmcg, and is highly omamental. They both come into bearing when about scven years old, and continue to give crops for half a century, as may be sccn in the case of trees yielding fruit at that age in the vicinity of Colombo and in Peradeniya Botanie Gardens. The value of the ycarly shipments of this spice is not more than Rs. 6,000. Exhibits from R. BOT. GARDENS, Peradeniya. N. S. FERNANDO, I Kalutara District. GOVERNMENT | OP CEYLON, Kégalla District. (e). PEPPER. [P.] Black Pepper (Piper nigruni) is commonly grown by the natives, but is not an export from Ceylon. Several varieties are recognised by the growers. A. G. K. BORRON, Crystal Hill, Matale. —Pepper, 3 varieties. RAJAWELLE COFEEE CO., Ra jaweUe, Dumbara.—Pepper, 1 variety. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON— Uncleaned and cleaned pepper from Kégalla District.
Food Products. 29 Section 5. Paddy and Rice (Orysa sativa). [O.] This gram forms the food of some hundreds of millions of people in the tropical and sub-tropical countries, which are its proper home. It is casily digested, but not so nutritious as whcat or maize; but it can be grown where those could not be cultivated, providcd there bc a sufficiënt supply of water for its irrigation. The amount of water required for this purpose varies in different localities, whilst there are descriptions of the gram known as hill or dry paddy, which can be cultivated on hill sides without the usc of water, but in nutritive properties these cannot compare with the ordinary rice grown on irrigated land. An average sample of Indian rice yields on analysis —water 13, nitrogen 6-3, starch 79-1, sugar 0-4, fat 07, salts 0-5. In Oriental countries this gram is universally employcd in a boiled state and eatcn with or without curry. In Europc it is chiefly cmployed for domestic use in puddings, but large quantities of the inferior descriptions are used in distillerics, in the form of flour, for sizing cotton goods, and for many blcnding purposes for cheapening other articlcs. Univcrsal as the cultivation of this cereal is in Ceylon at the present time from the slopes of the loftiest hills to the verge of the ocean, it was unknown to the aborigines of the island, having been introduced by Wijayo, the first warrior immigrant from the Indian countries, B.C. 543. He located his followers and built his first city on the bank of a considerable river, which afforded abundant facilities for the irrigation so neecssary in this cultivation. Erom that time to the final overthrow of the native dynasties in the island, the sovereigns of the country were ever the lords and cultivators of the soil. To build tanks and construct watercourses were regarded as amongst the wisest acts of a bencficent ruler, and how vast some of these were is attcsted by the extensive ruins which are to be found scattered in profusion along the sites of the ancient capitals of a pcrished dynasty. To-day the traveller along the thoroughfares of the island is struck with the wide expanse of waving ficlds of paddy, yet the extent cannot compare with the endless tracts which must have gladdencd the eyes of the ancient sovereigns of the country. During the pcriod when Anuradhapura and Pollonnaruwa were in the zenith of their glory, it is belicvcd that the population of
Natural Obfects. 3 imported and sold necessarily limits the local manufacture within the narrowest bounds, and the industry is practically extinct. Plumbago, otherwise known as graphitc, or popularly as " black lead," is a ncarly pure carbon, and is found distributed in great abundance in the Western and North-Western Provinces, at distances from the sca ranging from five to fifty miles. The finest ore comes from pits, or, as they may properly bc termed, mines, some of which are stink to the depth of two hundred feet, in several instances steam pumps being employed to free them from fiood waters or spnngs. The ore is also found in one or two districts of the Southern and Central Provinces, but not nearly of such fine quality as elsewhere. There are about eight hundred pits for plumbago-digging throughout the country, but it is seldom that more than one-third of these are worked at one time, the raising of the ore depending on the demand for it in the market, and on the state of the weathcr, as the mines are not usually worked during the heavy monsoon rains. An export duty is levied on the shipment of the article, at the rate of five rupees the ton, or 25 cents per hundredweight. From very small beginnings of less than a thousand hundredweights forty-five years ago, the export steadily increased until, in 1883, it aniounted to 279,057 cwts.; in the shipping season of 1885 it stood at 197,221 cwts., the demand varying with the activity of the markets in Europe and the United States, the latter country taking one-half of the entire shipments. The yearly value of the plumbago exports now varies from one and a half to two and a half millions of rupees, according to the extent of the trade and the current value in the market, the «nest bright silvery lump ranging between Rs. 100 and Rs. 135 per ton, a nd the lowest quality in the form of dust commanding Rs. 30 to Rs. 45 per ton. The digging for and local trade in this article are entirely in the hands of Sinhalese, many of whom rcalise handsome incomes from the industiy. It is estimatcd that the various processes of mining, hfting, carting, sorting, packing, and shipping plumbago, as well as the making of the casks in which it is exportcd, provide employment for about twenty-four thousand men, women, and children, when the trade is active. About one-half of the entire export is shipped to the United States, and of the remaining half seven-sixteenths go to the United Kingdom, and the other sixteenth to British India and tbc Continent of Europe. Its uses are manifold : about one-third of 'he exports is used in the manufacture of crucibles, one-third for stove Pohsh, and the remaining third for lubricating purposes, for electro- B 2
30 Food Products. the country was five times its present number, yct all these wcre fed by island-grown gram. To-day all this is changcd with the largcr irrigation works of the Sinhalese in ruins, a portion only having been repaircd, and others in course of restoration, and villagc tanks without number fallcn into decay ; there are districts in which the cultivation cannot produce more than sufficiënt to give cach pcrson one bushei and three-quarters of rice in the year.* In the Batticaloa, Matara and Anuradhapura districts much good work has been done towards restoring the old irrigating tanks and channels, and in the latter cspecially a marked improvement is visiblc in the physical condition of the pcople. About half the rice consumcd in the island is importcd from India, an import duty being levied on it of $d. the bushei, the supposed equivalent of the tithe on homc-grown gram of one-tenth the produce ; but it is evident that the one tax being fixed in price deercases in its comparative amount in times of high priecs, whereas the native-grown gram at one-tenth actually yiclds a larger amount of taxation in times of scarcity and dcarness. The levy of one tenth (now in some districts one-fourtcenth) on all paddy grown has comc down to vs from the time of the native rulers, but in those remote days the gram was delivercd into the royal granarics, and there stored against times of dcarth, when it was distributed to the pcople, or it was issued to the labourers who wcre called out to toil at the construction of irrigation works, which wcre raised for the usc of the peoplc who helped to build them ; these wcre thercfore fed on the tithe collected from their own harvests. The tithe is now being commuted for a fixed moncy payment annually ; and as all newly-opcncd lands are exemptcd from tax for a certain number of years, a great incentivc has been given to the cultivation of abandoncd ficlds. The present yicld of paddy in the various provinces of the island may be taken as follows : — Paddy. Western Province 2,750,000 bushels Southern ~ 2,000,000 Kastern ~ 1,250,000 Central ~ 1,875,000 Northern , 1,000,000 Xorth-Ccntral ~ 500,000 .N orth-Western 1,300, oco 10,675,000 = 5,337,500 bushels rice. The importcd rice amounts to five or six nlillions of bushels. * Vide Afnaai Report on North-Western Province, 1884.
Food Products. 31 The varicties of paddy grown in Ceylon are very numerous, ■extending throughout the country to scveral hundreds. They possess different characteristics, and are sown according to the time most suitable for them, and to the period which each requires bcforc being ripe for the sickle. There are two harvests in each year, dependent on the south-west and north-east monsoons. For what is known as the Maha harvest, the sowings begin about the first weck in July, continuing to the end of August. The Maha harvest commences about the middle of January, and continues till the end of February. The Yala harvest should be sown for in March, April, and May; the reaping takes place from the isth July to the Isth September. The various kinds of paddy require from three to six months from time of sowing to that of reaping; the amount of irrigation water needed by these varics very matcrially. Along the western and southern coasts, and in the Central Province, the period of growth is nevcr less than three months and a half, and from that to six months. From the Northern Province there is one sample of rice, "perunella," which takes so long as six months to mature; all other varieties from that part of the island maturing from three to five and a half months. The local selling price of paddy varics considerably in different seasons, according to abundance or poverty of yield, as wel! as the means of transport toother markets. At times it will sell at less than a rupee a bushcl, at othcr times at one rupee and a half to two rupees the bushel. The exhibits of paddy and rice are from various districts of the Western, Central, Southern, Northern, North- Western, and North-Central Provinces. Many of these varieties are extrcmely nutritious, and as such are preferred by Sinhalese to the best Indian varieties. The annual revenue derived from the tithe on paddy grown in the island during the last ten years has been as follows : — 1884 Rs. 864,332 1881 Rs. 732,763 1878 Rs. 1,025,475 1883 871,739 1880 774,5 6 l 1877 1,004,3f'9 1882 746,230 1579 798,048 1876 802,581 The deercase in 1879 and onwards is due to the effect of the commutation, which has been purposely made less heavy than the tax originally paid in kind to the Government renters. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Exhibits from the following districts:— Colombo (iSiyanc Korle); Kalutara; Ne- ïoraho (Hapitigam Korle); Ratnapura and ■Regalia districts of the Western Province; from the Kandy district of the Central Pro vinco; from the Northern, North-Western and North-Central Provinces. A separate collection is shown by the Ceylon Agricultural Association.
Food Products. 32 Section 6. Fine Grains, or Dry Grains. [O.] The above terms are cmployed indiscriminately to designate the small eereals and pulscs which are grown with but little cultivation or moisture on dry land, in contradistinction to the wet cultivation of low lands on which paddy is grown. Amongst the dry gram there is a hill-':addy, dark coloured and of low nutritive properties. It is generally believed that the aborigines of Ceylon produced no other gram than such as these prior to the arrival of Wijayo and his numerous followers, who first imparted a knowledge of paddy cultiva tion by means of irrigation. The list of fine grains known to the Sinhalese of the South and the Tamils is rather long, but the most commonly known and cultivated are Kurrakan (Eleusine Coracand), Amu (Paspalum scrobiculatum), Meneri (Panicum miliare and P.psilo podiutn), Tana-hal (Sctaria ilalicd), Muneta (Phaseolus Mungd), and Kollu (Dolichos bijlorus). Not only is the value of these grains very low as articles of food, but, partaken of continuously and without othcr nourishment, they render those who consume them liable to sickness, causing fcver, diarrhcea, and sometimes dysentcry. On the other hand, if properly cooked and eaten with other food, some are fairly good substitutes for rice. Fine gram is seldom grown where there is a sufficiënt supply of water for the cultivation of paddy; but where seasons are uncertain, and the rainfall so unreliable, as in many districts of this island, it follows naturally that villagcrs should endeavour to supplement these precarious rice crops by a harvest however poor of some description of fine gram. How extensive this cultivation is throughout the country may be gathcred from the fact that the tithe on the fine gram harvcsted varies from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 60,000, repre senting a total value of crops of Rs. 500,000 to Rs. 600,000. The aggregate °f fi ne grains grown throughout the interior must be much larger than these figures indicate, seeing that in many districts of the island no tithe is levied on their cultivation. Maizc, or Indian Com (Zea Mays) is not cultivated to a great extent in Ceylon ; though where it is cared for it is found to yield abundantly. In the Southern Central and North-Central Provinces it thrives with moderate care and culture, but has never become a favourite food of the people, its chief use being for cattlc, which are cxtremely partial to it. It may be
Food Products. 33 found in many up-country bazaars, but not nearly equal in quality to the maize of India or Canada. The exhibits shown are by the Ceylon Agricultural Association and by the Committee for the North-Central Province. Section 7. Starehes. [P] ARROWROOT (Maranta arundinaced). East Indian arrowroot, although of good quality generally, is not usually esteemed a c i highly as that made in the West Indies, where Bermuda arrowroot has long taken the lead amongst nutritivc starehes. Small pareels of Ceylon arrowroot have, however, been valued very highly in the London markets, but the demand for the article has never been such as to lead to any extended cultivation, and all that is produced in the island of this and the starehes hercafter named is for local consumption. CASSAVA (Manihot utilissimd). This flour is the produce of the tubers of a tall plant which grows very rcadily in any light soil : originally introduccd into the East from South America, it appears to have been thoroughly acclimatiscd, but rcfuses to yield successive crops on the samc ground year after year without the aid of manure. The root partially dried and scraped is found to yield a fine flour which when sun-dried forms a most nutritious diet, and in the un preparcd state the roots are eagcrly devoured by cattle. This culti vation has been largcly extended in the maritime provinces, but the whole produce is taken for local consumption, none finding its way to the export market. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLOT.- From the 1'uttalam District, Flour of Kurak kan, Palmyrali. From the Jaffna District, Kitul Root Flour, Tapioca. Palmyrah. From the Kégalla District, Flour of Rice, Arrowroot, Kitul Flour, Jak Flour, Manioc (Tapioca), Talipot Flour. SECTION 8. Vanilla (Vanillaplanifolid). [S.] This delicatcly flavoured and perfumed product is the fruit of a climbing orchid which thrives only in rich moist ground and undcr somewhat lofty shade. The flowers usually appear during the hot dry months of the north-east monsoon, from January to April'and fruit well in the vicinity of Kandy; with care the plant has borne D
Food Products. 34 fruit also in the neighbourhood of Colombo. The flowers have to be fertiliscd by hand, Vanilla being a native of Mexico, and Ceylon bees and other insects being unable to accomplish the task. The pods mature about the commenecment of the following north-east monsoon, and continue to increase in size and ripeness until about January. The}- are gathercd when they begin to show an orange tinge, and are then air-dried with cotton wool round them to prevent them splitting open with the action of the hot noon air. The cultivation of vanilla has been pressed on the attention of planters for more than thirty years, but never much taken up, though there is no reason why it should not prove highly successful. J. H. BARBER, Blackstone, Amba- gamuwa.—Vanilla. 1 J. G. PERERA, Ragama.—Vanilla. Section 9. Jaffna Moss, or Sea Moss (Gracilaria lichenoides). [P] This nutritious scawccd, an excellent substitute for isinglass for making jcllics, is found along the north-wcst coast of Ceylon in considerable quantities, and is in common use locally as a nutritive article of food for persons of weak digestivc powers. It has been occasionally exported to Europe, but does not appear to have met with a sufficiënt demand torender the business remunerative, and it has now ceascd to bc shipped. Therc is, however, a demand for it locally, many residents in the island using it frcely as a nutritious article of diet, its low price commending it to cconomical housc keepers. THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— I From the Puttalam District. D. M. ROSAIRO, Mudaliyar.—From Bay of Kalpentyn. Section io. Sugar and Jaggery. [P. and X.] The exhibits of canc sugar are from near Galle, the only locality in which the article is now produced in any large quantity. Forty years ago the cane was extensively cultivated in the Vale of Dumbara, near Kandy, but although a success as regards the supply of local demand, it never became an article of export, as the granulation being imperfect it could not endure a voyage to Europe without serious
Food Products. 35 loss in drainage. The cane was afterwards grown at Peradeniya, at Katukande, and some othcr places in the low country, but the industry was eventually abandoned as profitless, and at the present time the Messrs. Winter are the sole makers, having the command of the local market for soft sugar, crystallized sorts being imported. It should bc remarked that several varieties of sugar cane are exten sively grown by natives, especially near the towns, the cut joints being a favourite article of food. Jaggery, a coarsc description of sugar, is manufactured from the sap of the palmyrah palm (Borrassus flabclliformis). Ncarly 7,000 cwts. (value £2,000) were exported from the Northern Province of the island during the past year. The trade in jaggery might be made of great importance, therc being at present an activc demand from Europe. The home consumption is very large. Jaggery is also largely made from the sap of the Kitul Palm (Caryota urens). Sugar. WINTER & SONS, Baddegama, near Galle. —Cane sugar; four qualities. E. A. JAYASINHA, Nagoda, near GaUe.- —Cane sugar: three qualities. Sugar from the coconut palm. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Sugar from Kitul palm ; district of Kégalla. Jaggery. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— Samples from Jaffna; jaggery of Palmyrah palm, in packets of Palmyrah leaf, as sold in the bazaars. Candy and crystal jaggery and troacle from the Kitul ]ialm, Kégalla District. Jaggery syrup from Jaffna. Section ii. Arrack, Spirits of Wine, and Rum. [X.] Arrack, which is a delicate wholesomc spirit obtained by doublé distillation from the sap of the coconut, is made at various places along the southern coast of Ceylon. Regularly licenscd stills are cstablished for the manufacture of this spirit, which is in gcncral use amongst the nativc population of the island, as well as exported to the Madras Presidcncy under private contract for the supply of the nativc troops of the Madras army. The mode of preparation, &c, will bc found described in Class V., Sect. 4, undcr the heading "Model of Arrack Still." The Government of Ceylon derives a large revenue from the annual sale of licenses by public auction. The purchasers, who are called renters, buy the arrack from the distillers, who pay a yearly fee of one hundred rupees for the privilege of distilling. The distillers may sell their spirits wholcsale only, the removal from their stores D 2
36 Food Products. being carricd on undcr Government permit. The renters purchase the arrack wholesale at as low a price as practicable, and makc their profit by retail sale, the rate of which is prescribed by official rcgulation, but which is practically evaded by a liberal admixture of water, &c. The following have been the amounts at which arrack rents throughout the island have been sold during the last ten years :— 1876 . Rs. 2,163,958.76 1877 . . 2,179,037.80 1878 . . 2,013,774.61 1879 . . 1,667,471.61 1880 . . 1,638,970.28 1881 . Rs. 1,547,502.44 1882 . . 1,477,952.88 1883 . . 1,455,187.14 18S4 . . 1,402,199.10 1885 . . 1,535,500.00 The renters are of course interested in having as many arrack shops in each district as possiblc, as encouraging the sale of their spirits, but Government, though desirous of obtaining a good revenue from this souree, very properly place restrictions on their number. The number of tavems licensed throughout the island was, in 1869, as many as 1,494, but in the following year they were prudently reduced by four hundred ; their present number is 1,075. The following shows the yearly amounts realised by Government on the license for the privilege of distillation of arrack, each now paying Rs. 100 annually.* 1876 . . Rs. 10,410 1877 . . . 9,870 1878 . . . 8,940 1879 . . . 8,400 1880 . . . 7,830 1881 . . Rs. 7,360 1882 . . . 19,100 1883 . . . 20,900 1884 . . . 20,400 In addition to the licensing of stills, wholesale dealers have to pay an annual licence to Government of Rs. 100 * ; the amount derived from this is, however, very small, as may be seen belovv. 1876 . . Rs. 1,230 1877 . . . 1,860 1878 . . . 1,260 1879 . • 1,080 1880 . . . 1,860 1881 . . Rs. 790 1882 ... 600 1883 . . . 6,250 1884 . . . 2,700 The price of arrack wholesale ranges from fifty to eighty cents per gallon. The retail sale is fixed by Government at rates varying in the different provinces from Rs. 3 to Rs. 3*33 per gallon, and it is on this difference in price and on adultcration the renters realise their profïts, which are occasionally very large. The exhibits comprise * Previously to 1882 these licenses were Rs. 30.
Food Products. 37 arrack of a great variety of ages, from three to twenty years in wood, the oldest being of remarkably delicate flavour. It was old spirit of this kind which half a century ago formed the basis of " Rack Punch." The ordinary arrack of Ceylon, which is extremely pure, should offer inducement to British distillers in replacement of much of the present material employed in the distillation of inferior brandy and whisky. ARNOLD DIAS of Panadure.—Two small casks, Spirit of Arrack. One small cask, Arrack, 33 years old: a liqueur. One small cask, Arrack, 20 years old: a liqueur. One large cask, New Arrack. One small cask, Polwakara, or toddy once distilled (arrack being toddy distilled twice or more). One small cask, Arrack Vinegar. CEYLON AGRICULTURAL AS SOCIATION.—One large cask of Ceylon Arrack (commercial sample). CEYLON GO VERNMENT.— Arrack distilled from the Palmyrah Palm. MESSRS. WINTER & SONS, Bad degama.—Samples of Rum. Section 12. Preserves and Pickles. [P.] Grape Jam is made from Jaffna-grown grapes boiled in syrup, the seeds being removcd during the boiling; two pounds of grapes to one pound of sugar in a pint of pure water is the proportion in which it is prepared. The jam keeps a long time if preserved in air-tight bottles. • The average price of a pound of grapes is 30 cents. Mango Jam is prepared by boiling the mango in syrup after removing the skins and stones, and the sour juice squeezed out by the free use of forks, and soaking in fresh water ; two pounds of mango to one pound of sugar is the proportion in which it is prepared. The average price of a pound of mango is three cents. Bilimbi Jam. —This jam is made by removing nearly three-fourths of the juice of the fruits of Averrhoa Bilimbi, by the use of forks, and soaking in fresh water, squeezing the fruit and boiling them in syrup. The cost of 100 fruits is about 3 cents, and the proportion of sugar used is sïmilar to that used with mangocs. . NELLI Jam. —This jam is prepared by soaking the fruit of Pliyl lantJius Emblica in pure water and boiling the juice in syrup; the Proportion of sugar and fruit is the same as that with mangoes. The cost of 100 fruits is about 6 cents. CITRON AND LIME PICKLES.—Citrons and limes in both the Northern and Western Province are first cut into four parts, with one
38 Food Products. end kcpt to hold them together, and salt inserted and dried for some time. The Brahmins use curry stuffs and the sediment of the lime juice for preserving it, whilst others use vinegar. MANGO Pickle. —Well matured but not ripe mangoes are cut lengthwisc in halves, and the kerncl of the sced is removed. The pieces being washed and salted for a day or two, the space occupied by the kernel is fillcd up with a preparation of well-choppcd papaw fruit, garlic, onion, chilly mixed with ground mustard and vinegar, and the two halves are brought together and tied up and put into a large-mouthed bottle or jar fillcd with vinegar ; after remaining so for a week, the pickle is fit for use. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —From Kégalla District, Pickles : onion, lemon, papaw, bcan, China peas, coconut cabbage, ratakochchi,cayenne pepper, chillies, curry chillies, chilly vinegar, ginger, weralu, I nutmeg. Preserves: mango, candied pump- I kin, arecanut, lovilovi jclly, kambaranja, I tampala, nutmeg. F'rom Jaffna District. I Grape jam. Section 13. [P.] Beche-de-mer: Trepang, or Sea-Slug (Holothuria spi). The trade in the Northern Province in Bèche-de-mer is chiefly in the hands of a few Chinese who resort to Jaffna annually and return •to China with the article cured by them. Some of them have, how ever, rccently acquired lands and made a permanent scttlcment at Kalmunai near Jaffna, and buy up the Bêche-de-mer cured by the natives, who have learnt the process of curing from the Chinese. They employ Mohammedan divers and the natives of the country in fishing for the " slugs "as they are called. The price per hundred paid by them is : for ist sort R. 1 (one rupee); for 2nd sort Rs. 0.50 (fifty cents); and 3rd sort Rs. 0.25 (twenty-five cents). The slug is found in all parts of the western coasts of the province in from two fect to scven or cight fathoms of water. The process of curing adoptcd by the Chinese is as follows: A long clay fircplace is set up with shallow iron basin-shaped pans, open to the air, beddcd into it to the number of four or five. Into these pans the slugs are packed and allowed to simmcr in their own juice. When sufhciently cooked, the slugs are taken out and dried in the sun ; they are then placed in a " drier," consisting of a hut, in which are fixed a number of rudely-constructed trays made of jungle sticks ; bencath these burns a firc of green wood emitting a dense smoke. The
Food Products. 39 slugs are afterwards once more dried in the sun, and then packed for shipmcnt to China and Singapore. When cured, the first sort is that which weighs 10 slugs and under to the pound : the 2nd sort, 20 and under to the pound ; the 3rd sort, above 20 to the pound. At Singapore they realise from thirty to thirty-five dollars a pical of 33 lbs. The export has rangcd verywidely in various years ; in 1872 therc were 1,021 cwts. exported, valued at Rs. 64,770; in 1878 there were but 134 cwts. shipped, value Rs. 2,480; in 1885 the exports amounted to 525 cwts., worth Rs. 19,544. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— I From Jaffna District. Three sorts as cured | by the Chinese. From Puttalam, dried specimens. Section 14. Edible Birds' Nests. [P.] The edible-nest swallow, or rathcr swift (Collocalia francicd), is widely distributed in Ceylon with the exception of the northern and north-wcstern districts. It does not confine itself to any one altitude, even its building station extends from the sea-side to the highest hills. These swifts select for their breeding places large dark and gloomy caverns, in the darkest parts of which they build their famous nests. These may number only a few, or thousands, and are not always made of the same substance. The nests in Ceylon are very poor in nutritivc properties in comparison with those of Java, Borneo and China, while for the " white variety " so high a value as three dollars per catty (30 lbs.) can be secured. The Ceylon nests have much less of the glutinous matter which is so prized by the Chinese. The nests are closely built together against the face of some overhanging rock, and if one can judge by the accumu lation of guano bclow them, the same nest is used frequently ; the fallen nests are often found among the refuse on the floor of the caverns where these birds build. Naturalists are still divided as to the real origin of the isinglass-like matter that enters so largely into the composition of these nests ; but the bird has on eithcr side of the gullet two large glands, which if pressed in a bird just shot emit a viscid matter, which doubtless is the substance used in nest building. The bird is a very insignificant-looking little creature, of a somewhat smoky colour, darkcr on the head, wings and tail,
Natural Objects. 4 plating, for paint, and in the manufacture of lead pencils. This last usc is one of some magnitude, cspecially in America and Gcrmany. In the manufacture of lead pencils, the finest graphite only is used ; this, aftcr being ground to an impalpable powder and blendcd with very fine clay by repeated washings, is subjected to cnormous hydraulic pressure, and finally cut by machinery into very thin sliecs and insertcd in the wooden stock of the pencil. Blasting powder is rolled in plumbago as a safeguard against damp. It forms an admirablc fire-resisting paint, and is also applied to the bridges of pianos and the sides of organs, and imparts a glossy softness to feit hats. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— Iron. —(P.) Ironstone from the district of Mullaitivu. Speoimens of iron ore, native smelted from tlie district of Batnapura. [Note. A number of agricultural implements, native made gons, &c, thougb included nnder other sections, illnstrato the uses to which the ore is locally applied.] Talc.—(L.) Commercial samples from tbc Province oï Uva. Plumbago. [A.] MORGAN BROS., Crucible Co., Battersea, London, S.W.—(l) Specimens to show Plumbago and its uses, such as Messrs. Morgan's well known crucibles: Crude Plum bago as selected for theae Cruciblea.—Pencils, Stovel Polish, &c, &c, (2) Large lumpa of Plumbago. (3) A Carved Ehpliant in Plum bago. (4) A Carving in Plumbago repre senting Natives in a Jungle, elcphaut buuting. A. T. FERNANDO.—(I) Larjre block of solid Plumbago weighing 3 cwt. 3 qrs. 24 lbs. (2) Trade samples of " Ordinary," " Chips," and " Dust." (3) Model of Ciishew Tree with two crows (cut iv solid plumbago). (4) Model of Crab (cut in solid plumbago). (5) Model of Lobater (cut in solid plumbago). (6) Model of Barrel. (7) Sifter and Tools used in the industry. W. A. FERNANDO.—(I) Large block of solid Plumbago weighing 3i cwts. (2) Samples of best Silver qualitics. (3) Trade samples of " Ordinary," " Chips," and " Dust." (4) Caak of uneleaned Plumbago. (5) Model of a Crow and Nest attacked by a snake. (6) Model of a Buddhist Dagoba. (7) Implements illustrating the industry. W. GUNASEKARA.—(I) Large block weighing nearly 4 cwts. (2) Trade samples of " Ordinary," " Chips," and " Dust." J. DE MEL.-(l) Large block of pure Plumbago. (2) Trade samples of the various qualities of Plumbago. (3) Graphite and unprepared Plumbago. (4) Quartz Crystal found in combiuation with Fluinbugo. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON, Kégalla District. —(1) Model of an Elephant in Plumbago. (2) (Pasdun Korle) Carved slab of best Phimbago. Sectiox 3. Gems. [B.] [J« charge, uudi r tin- K.n ml in Commiltiont r, of Mr. J. Hayivardf] The carliest records of Ceylon as an emporium of trade between the Eastern and Western world contain referenecs to its precious stones, which with pcarls and ivory gave the island a value in the eyes of Grceks and Romans beyond all othcr Oricntal lands, and invested the locality with a glamour second only to that of the diamond mines of Golconda and the region of golden Ophir. Stones of inferior kinds, such as the moonstone and the garnet, are found in
Food Products. 40 than on the other parts of the body. The Javan and Bornean reprc sentative of the species are blue, but the two are said to be identical. The article is prepared for export to China by natives of that country, who pay Government a small annual sum for the exclusive privilege of collecting the nests in ccrtain caves chiefly in the Moruwa Korle of the Southern Province: the yearly value of this article of export does not exceed four thousand rupees. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.—From Puttalam District, Edible birda' neats. Section 15. Dried Fish. [P.] The consumption of dried salted fish amongst the Sinhalese and Tamil population is very large, and as nearly the whole quantity used in the country has hitherto been imported from the coasts of India or the Maldive Islands, can readily be ascertained. The yearly value of dried salt fish imported into Ceylon is about Rs. 800,000 or Rs. 900,000, an amount so considcrable that the local Government, desirous of retaining in the island the large sum of money yearly paid to Indian dealers for dried fish, has made strong efforts to form and encourage fish-curing cstablishments by private enterprise in the near vicinity of the salt depots, whence that preservative can be readily obtained and for this purpose, at a nominal amount above the mere cost of manufacturc Three or four fish-curing yards have been established during the past year, and, judging from present results, with every prospect of success, The fish prepared at these places is pronounccd superior in quality to the imported article, and the new industry has the further advantagc of affording remunerative employ ment to a considcrable number of the poorer classes. This salt fish is used very cxtensively in curries, and also boiled or grilled as a separate dish eaten with bread and potatoes or other vegetable, and is found a most welcome article of diet amongst communitics who are precluded by distance in the interior from obtaining fresh fish. The exhibits of this uscful food of the people are from the fish curing grounds at Hambantota. It was found that over 110,000 cwts. of cured fish were imported annually into Ceylon from other countries, when that quantity could be produccd in the island itself. The issue of salt from the Government stores at a cheaper rate was permittcd
Food Products. 41 on the condition that all curing was to bc carried on within a yard, and under Government supervision, so as to prevent the salt being used for any other purpose or taken outside for sale. The first yard opened was at Hambantota, on the Isth October, 1885, and the fresh fish admitted into it up to date (26th March) amounted to 1,073 cwts., the quantity taken out after curing, 657 cwts. Another yard was opened on the 15th instant, at Pattanangala, a small bay thirty-eight miles from Hambantota towards Batticaloa. Fiftecn boats went down therc, and already over 150 cwts. of fresh fish have been cured. Thargle, an isolated spot with no people living in the neighbourhood, is a favourite resort of the fishermen for two or three months at the commcncement of the year, when favouring winds enable the boats to sail out and return without difficulty. The results so far therefore are very encouraging. The fish when landed are at once cut open and cleaned, and parallel slits made into the fleshy parts lengthways, about an inch apart. After being cleaned in salt water, they are taken into the yard, where a good dressing of salt is applied. The salt is well pounded and rubbed in. The fish is packed into medium-sized barrels in layers, with a sprinkling of salt between, and allowed toremam so from twelve to fifteen hours; at the end of which time, or early the next morning, they are taken out and again thoroughly cleaned in salt water, after which they are spread out to dry on raised plat forms made of dry sticks. The drying process is continued for four days, after which the fish is ready for removal. It is probable that if more boats were available, and fishing stations established all round the coast, enough fish could be caught and cured during the three months alone to supply the whole of Ceylon with dried fish. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— I From Hambantota, Sample of Dried Fish. From Puttalam Diatrict, Dried Turtle Dried Venison. Section 16. Salt. The manufacturc of salt as an article of food is conducted by Government as a monopoly as a simple and efficacious means of raising a revenue. The consumption of salt in tropical countries is universal, the vegetable diet of the people necessitating its use very freely. So important is it as an item in the daily dietary of Orientals, that both the Portuguese and Dutch were frequently able to bring
Food Products. 42 pressure to bear upon the Kandyan Kings by refusing to permit the transport of this much-needed condiment to the interior, they being in possession of the entire coast line of the country, thus cutting off all access to the salt deposits of the sea-board. An account of the mode in which the manufacture of salt is carried on in Ceylon will be found in Section 6 of Class V. in the description of the model of the Government Salt Works at Puttalam. The manufacture is mainly conductèd by two Government cstablishments at Puttalam on the west coast, and at Hambantota on the south coast, where the work is performcd by mixed labour on account of Government. A limited quantity is also produced in the Northern and Eastern Pro vinces. The price paid by Government to their salt contraetors is somewhat less than four rupees the ton, and as the selling price to salt dealers is at the rate of a little more than forty-seven rupees the ton, the profit is considcrable even after deducting the cost of establishment, supervision, &c, leaving somewhere about nine hundred per cent. profit. The consumption of salt throughout Ceylon gives an average for the entire population of twelve pounds per head of the whole population, whilst that in India does not reach half that quantity. The collections of salt at the different cstablishments depend very materially upon the scason. A continuance of fine dry weather enables the contraetors to realise a large harvest, whereas should unseasonablc showers fall bcfore the close of the scason, much of the produce may be lost, and occasionally there may be none brought to store. The following figures show the results of the salt collection during the last ten years, and the revenue derivcd from the sale of the article :— COLLECTED AT THE GOVERNMENT SALT PANS.
Drugs. 43 CLASS 111. DRUGS. Section i. Cinchona Bark. [Q. and U 2.] Although several other species of cinchona have been cultivated in Ceylon, occasionally with success, C. ojficinalis and C. succirubra are the principal kinds grown to any large extent at the present time, the more robust succirubra being the general favourite. So long ago as 1861 some of the first seed imported from South America was sown at Hakgala, a Government botanie garden on the south-east slopes of the central mountain plateau, at an elevation ranging from 5,400 feet to upwards of 6,000 feet. The object of the Government in intro ducing the plant was not to undertake the production of the bark, but to induce private planters to do so. In following years, seed of C. officiualis, and plants of C. succirubra, C. Calisaya, and some othcr varieties were received and put out in the Hakgala Garden, where they throve vigorously. With a view to induce planters in suitable localities to undertake a cultivation which it was believed would be profitablc to the grower and beneficial to mankind, seeing that the supply of good South American kinds was failing, the Government issued young plants free of charge, at the same time affording information as to the more suitable localities for their growth. By the latter part of 1860, upwards of fifty planters had made application for about 500,c00 plants, of which 180,000 had been actually given out; yet notwithstanding their favourable reports as to growth, there was but little further demand for these plants for some years. So satisfied were all at this period with the old product, coffee, that few would enter upon any othcr cultivation, and there were even instances of cinchona, planted by a predecessor, being rooted out by a newcomer as rubbish. The first results of Ceylon-grown cinchona, as shown by analysis of its alkaloid products, was ascertained in 1866, and these were most favourable; yet so great was the indifference to the new industry, that it was not till 1872 that planters realised the fact that they were neglecting a profitablc business in not taking up cinchona growing. A charge of five rupees per 1,000, instead of a free gift of
Drugs. 44 plants, was fixed at the nurseries, and this seems to have stimulated the demand, for in 1873, 670,500 plants were sold ; in 1874, 826,000 ; in 1875,794,500; and in 1876 the large quantity of 1,196,000. Of these, the succirubra and officitialis were still principally from cuttings, the Calisaya mainly from seed. Thus, in the six years, 1873-78, ncarly 4,000,000 plants were sent out to planters, in addition to large plantings in private nurseries. In 1866-67, see d was first produced by succirubra and officitialis, and this was also largely distributed. Much of this produced trees of an intermcdiate character, and was doubtless the rcsult of natural crossing. These hybrids are known in Ceylon as C. robusta, and are much esteemed. From this time the rapid extension of cinchona planting becamc an established fact, the serious decline in the yield of coffee in some of the chief producing districts, consequent on the inroads of leaf disease, being the chief inducement for the movement. In recent years the fact has been realised, though warnings were unheeded, that cinchona will not thrive anywhere ; much disappointment was caused in the failure of young plantations, but principally to those whose expectations were extravagant and unwarranted, and whose course of action could only tend to inevitable failure. To others, however, cinchona has afforded very good returns, and the cultivation has undoubtcdly been of the very greatest assistancc to the Colony during the past few years of serious depression. At the present time, cinchona is cultivated throughout the hill country, within the zone of coffee estates, as well as somewhat above and below it, and frequently with success and profit. The methods of harvesting the bark of cinchona trees have been by uprooting, by coppicing, by stripping, and more recently and generally, by shaving, or taking ofif very thin shavings of the bark. The bark, which is soon reprodueed after stripping or shaving, has been usually, though not invariably, found to yield a larger percentage of the more valuable alkaloids than the original bark. How often trees may be shaved without impairing their health is an open question, depending probably on local circumstances. Many experienced planters advocate the shaving of the tree at five years, again at six, and then at scven to have it coppiccd, taking care that before the tree is cut down a good-sized sucker is allowed to start from the collar. This prevents too great a shock to the tree, and the sucker will grow at an even greater rate than a young plant of the same age. That some limit to the successful and constant shaving of the cinchona tree exists we are
Drugs. 45 all ready to admit, but what that limit is, or what modifications of the system may be best for both the tree and the planter, time alone can deeïde. One thing is certain, the shaving process has enabled many men to obtain handsome and continuous returns from their cinchona trees without destroying the value of those trees, which no other system that we know of has been able to do; and while this is so, we must give the palm to it as the best yet discovered. Some of the finer varieties of cinchona, such as C. Ledgeriana, have at times yielded as high as io* 50 per cent. of sulphate of quinine from trees three and a half years old, grown at an altitude of 3,200 feet; but at the present day there are few barks which yield 4 per cent., and by far the larger portion of the rencwed shavings at present give only from 1•50to 2• 50 per cent. A very large proportion of the cinchona shipments of late years have been strippings of the branches and twigs, yielding not more than one-half per cent. of quinine, so that whilst the shipments under this head would secm to imply a large over-stocking of the market, nearly all has been taken, because a far larger quantity than formerly was nccded to yield a given amount of the medicinal alkaloids. The following figures show the very rapid dcvelopmcnt of this new industry of the island : — Season cndcd 30th September, 1885 . . . 11,678,360 1884 . . . 11,492,947 1883 . . . 6,925,595 1882 . . . 3.099.895 „ ~ 1881 . . . 1,209,720 1880 . . . 1,208,518 «879 • • • 373,5 H 1878 . . . 171,497 1877 . . . 56,589 „ ~ 1876 . . . 16,842 1875 • • • 18,731 The larger exports of the last two years, so far exceeding ex pectation, have materially lowcred the value of the article in the home market, the former quotations having fallen nearly one-half; the market rate is, however, still remunerative in favourable localities and under good management. 1. PRED TATHAM, Yarrow, Ni lambe.—Lcdgeriana Barks. 2. LANKA PLANTATION CO., Gonagalla, Dikoya.—Various Barks. 3. S. M. KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, St. Leonard's, Uda-pusselawa.—Various Barks. 4. F. G. A. LANE, Blaix Athol, Dickoya.—Succirubra Bark. 5. F. G. A. LANE, Lynsted, Boga wantalawa. —Officinalis Bark. 6. F. G. A. LANE, Newton, Dik oya.—Succirubra Bark. 7. JAMES WESTLAND, Kelburne, Haputale.—Succirubra Bark.
Drugs. 46 There is also (U 2) a Cinchona Trophy, showing sections of the various species of trees and the various modes in which the bark is taken, and also specimens of quill bark. The estates which have contributed chiefly to these are Stair, Glenlyon, Wangieoya, Waltrim, Troup, Cranley, Newton and Dalhousie, Ormidale, Glentilt, and St. Andrews in the Maskeliya District. Section 2. Medicinal Preparations. [P.] SULi'IIATE OF Quinine. —This exhibit is shown by the makers, Messrs. Symons and Cochran,.cinchona analysts of Colombo, where the alkaloid in question was manufactured with no intention of entering upon it on any extended scale, but simply to demonstratc the practicability of producing as good and pure a cinchona alkaloid in Ceylon as clsewhcre. Section 3. Native Medicinal Plants and Medicines. [O and P.] In Sinhalese medical practice disease is held to bc a disturbancc in the equilibrium of the three humours —air, bile and phlegm, which pervade the human system. These agents preside over certain vital functions, and while susceptiblc of being affected by temperature, diet, drugs, habits, &c, rcact on the organs whose functions they control. Every individual is supposed to be bom with a predisposition to some one of these humours, or to a modification of one of them in combi nation with some proximate principle, corresponding with the nervous, bilious, phlcgmatic and sanguineous temperaments formerly recogniscd in the practice of Western medicinc. The object of treatment is thercforc to ascertain the mutual relation existing between these three humours in the patiënt, and to bring about an equilibrium between them. Crude as this theory may appear, it is csscntially the system which, borrowed from India by the Greeks and Arabians, entered more or less into all European systems of medicines till the close of
Drugs. 47 the sevcntccnth century. Of the five or six hundrcd different causcs of disease recognised in Sinhalese mcdicine, more than a fourth are ascribed to the abnormal conditions of the three humours, and the rest to vitiation of the seven proximate principlcs of the human body, viz., blood, flesh, fat, &c. Hence diseases are not classified by their symptoms so much as by their causes, and accidental symptoms are not only confoundcd with cssential ones, but receivc special treatment as distinct diseases. The treatment accordingly is more theoretical than empirical, every symptom being referred to some dcrangcd humour, which alone receives attention, and has to be rectified accord ing to the rulcs laid down by the recognised authorities. The truc significance of any group of symptoms as indicating any definite morbid condition, or any particular stage of disease, is barely if at all realised by the native practitioner, their only value being to assist the memory to reeall the particular Sanskrit stanza which details the orthodox treatment to be adoptcd under the special circumstanccs. No attempt is made to anticipate or arrest morbid changes, or guide them to a healthy issue, except in so far as this is included in the general line of treatment, for the simple reason that a pathology bascd on actual observatipn of the dead body finds no place in native text books of mcdicine, and no native practitioner, however expericneed, would care to verify by a post-mortem examination the fanciful theories on which their system of medicine is founded. A vciy common practice with native practitioners is to allow a disease to progress for some time with a view to " mature " it, or " to bring it to a head," before any attempt is made to remove it. A quick recovcry, whether under European or native treatment, is deprecated as likely to lead to a relapse, since sufficiënt time has not been allowed for the restoration of a permanent healthy equilibrium between the contend ing huomurs. They have great faith in critical days, and in the influence of the different phases of the moon, each of which is supposed to presidc over its own set of organs ; so that purgatives, for instance, however much they may be nceded in any given case, are never pre scribcd on the day (kala) on which the moon exercises its influence on the bowels, cmetics on the day on which it presides over the stomach, &c. As they scldom make use of powerful or hurtful remedies, however, and are content in the majority of cases to relieve disease chicfly by acting on the cmunctorics by means of emetics, purgatives and low diet, native practice is usually not often mischievous even when it fails to effect a cure. In most cases the treatment only serves
48 Drugs. to change an acute disease into one of chronic character, while recovery from a simple affection is protracted, the patiënt being kept half starved on gruel, and made to swallowhuge quantities of infusions and decoctions of medicinal herbs, villainously compounded, the number of ingredients in each potion increasing in direct ratio with the continuance and severity of the disease. A mild form of fever, for ïnstance, would be treated with a decoction of the "Five Minor Roots" — Desmodium gangeticutn, Uraria lagopodioides, Solauum Jacquini, Solanum Indicum, and Tribulus terrestris, which are bclieved toeure fever due to deranged phlegm, catarrh, &c. A severer form would be ascribcd perhaps to deranged air, requiring the use of the " Five Major Plants " — Aigle Marmelos, Calosanthes indica, Gmelina arborea, Stereospermutn suaveolens, and Premna speciosa. In remittent fever, &c, all ten may be prescribed together, and in typhoid fever, with head symptoms, the same with the addition of eight or ten other ingredients. When conducted by intelligent and skilful practitioners, native practice is not unlike the modern treatment of European medicine, viz., that of trusting to nature for efforts to restore health, while placing the patiënt under the most favourable conditions for recovery by means of suitable diet and regimen, medicinal treatment being directcd chiefly to the relief of the more urgent symptoms. Unfortunately however the practice of nativc medicine has fallen into the hands of a class of men the majority of whom are ignorant and unskilful, and who do not possess even the little knowledge which may be gathercd from the study of medical books in the vernacular. It must bc admittcd however that the Matcria Medica of the Sinhalese will compare favourably in many respects with the Pharmacopceia of the most enlightened countries of the West. Not only is every class of medicine well represented, and supplied in profusion by the boundless prodigality of nature in Eastern tropical climes, but some of the vegetable productions are valuable enough todeserve a place in the medicinal resources of Western science, while very many can easiiy and usefully replace the more expensive drugs of the same class which are importcd into the Colony for use in hospitals. DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. A collection of native Vege table Drugs principally from the Central (Kandyan) Province. This is an extensive though by no rneans complete series of the vegetable drugs used by the native village practitioners of the Kandyan Provinces, so far as they are in- digenous or wild Ceylon plants. The cora mon bazaar medicines (mostly imported from India), which are also largely employed, are not iucluded here. The uses given under each head have been taken down at first hand from the mouth of the vedaralas, or village doctors themselves, adapted however to mo dern medical phraseology as far as possible.
Drugs. 49 It must not however, of course, be supposed that they aro in all or even in a large major ity of cases based on any real proporties. Much is traditional merel y, or empirie, in much the same way as in the middle ages and up to the seventeonth eentury in Europe, nnmerous plants which are known to be quite inert, wcro credited with " virtuoa" on the authority of older writers and astrologers. The extreme eomplexity of Sinhalese pre scriptions (many of which are of great anti quity and handed down from generation to gencration) must oftcn ronder it impossiblc to distinguish the effects of any particular iugredient. 1. Abnu precatoriuë (Olinda-wcl). —■ Tbc juice of the green leaves is used for purilica tion of tbc bloed, cspeeially in females. The root, for soro throat, leprosy, stiffness in the joints, paralysis aml nervous discases. Ex ternally it is applied to uloera and sores. 2. Abutilon asiaticum (Anóda). —The root is used in mild fcvers —it is tonic, diuretio and stimulant. The water of the boiled leaves is employed as a gargle for sore mouth and for fomontation to relieve pain in piles. 3. Acacia ooncinna (Hinguru).—The juice of the wood is used for murrain in cattle. 4. Acahjpha indica (Kuppa-meniya).—The wliole plant is used in worm complaints, also to expel wind. The juice of the leaves is emetic, and is externally applied to bad sores and uleers. 5. Acanthus üicifoHut (Ikili). —Used as a bitter tonic in fever. 6. Anorttf Calamus (Wada-kaha). —Used in bowel complaints of children as a stomachic and carminative. 7. Acronyóhia laurifolia (Ankenda). —The bark is used, and is a goud remcdy for obstinate uleers and indolent sores. The root bark and leaves are applied to dislocationa; also used as a purgative for calves. 8. Adhatoda Vasica (At&tóda). —The root, leaves, flowers and bark are used in diseases caused by excessive phlegm ; also in menor rhagia. It is also a remcdy for rheumatic pains. 9. Adenanthera pawmina (Madatiya).—The baves and the bark. in composition with other medicines, are used to reduee the swclling caused by sprains and bruises. In cases of snake bité by the polonga, if the wounded part is stroked with a bundie of the leaves s.iveral hundred times, it is believed that the poisou will be expelled. 10. Adiantvm eaudatum (Tuda-wediya).— A component of hcaling oiutments. 11. Agirntum cnnyzoidcs (Hulan-tala). — The wliole plant is used for cuts and bruises. 12. AVbizxia «Wpuloto (Kabal-mari). —Tho juice of the bark is used in boila in young children. 13. AUophylus Cobbc (Kobbc'). —The leavea and bark are used as poultioe in dislocations. 14. Alpinia (lalanga (Kalu-wala.) —Tho rhizomo employed as a stimulant expectorant in oough; also skin diseases arising from impure blood. 15. Alpinia nutans (Rankiriya).—The rhi zomo is used for bowel complaints caused by entozoa. 16. Ahttmia echolaris (Ruk-attana). —Tho bark cures sores and uleers, and is a good tonic for rheumatic and intermittent fevers. 17.-4/^rim«//i.eni///'<! n<7ra(Mukunu-wenna). —A cooling local application for giddinesa and complaints of the head; also used as u vegetable curry in indigestion. 18. Ahsêioarpuê bupleurifoUut (Aswonna). —A mild astringent. The root is used in composition with other medicines in mild fevers, and the leaves locally applied to wounds and bruises. 19. Aiininiiif"* y"';</V"7a//'s(Rana-tampala). —For boils. It is believed to purify tho blood. 20. AmorphophaUuë oampanulatus (Kid aran). —The tuberß are used in bloeding piles and in dyspepsia. 21. Anamirta panicuhita (Titta-wcl). 22. Andropogon muricatus (Seveudara). — The roots are used in bilious fevers. 23. Andrographis paniculata (Hfn-bin kohomba). —A bitter tonic used in malarious fevers. 24. Anisomeles ovata (Yak-wanassa). —Tbc leaves, bark, and root are used in colic, catarrhal fever, and as a vapour bath in severo head-achc. 25. Aponogeton erispum (Kekatiya).—ln pains of women during pregnancy. 26. Arcca Catrrlin (I'uwak). —Applied ex tcrnally to uleers, and used as a tooth-powder for strengthening the gums; intornally to expel worms and to check diarrheea. 27. Aristolochia indica (Sap-sanda).—Used in cobra bite in composition with other medicines; also in bowel complaints of children, and to improve appetite and di gestion. It is an ingrediënt in a cholera bitter of much repute. 28. Ariszema Jjeschmaultii (Wnl-Kidaran). —The leaves used in piles and dyspepsia; also an ingrediënt in medicinal ointments. 29. Artocarpun nobtt.it (Del). —The juice of the bark is used to kill maggots; also in cattle discases. 30. Artooarpus integrifoUa (Kos). —Tno powdered eharcoal of the wood of the root ia used for malignant uleers and sores. 31. Asparagus falcatu» (HaUi-wariya).— The roots are demulcent, diuretic, and tonic ; given in bilious dyspepsia. 32. Atalantia teyïa/niea (Yakiniiian). —The leaves and roots an' used in catarrhal fever, cough, and similar diseases. E
Natural Objects. 5 the beds of streams about Kandy, Nuwara Eliya, Badulla and some of the small rivers in the south; but the more precious stones, such as the ruby, the sapphirc, the topaz, the alexandrite, and the catseye, must be sought within a radius of thirty or forty miles from Ratnapura (the City of Gems), the capital of "Saffragam, a district of the Western Province, though occasionally rubies are found in Uva. From time immemorial the privilege of digging for gems was held as the exclusive right of the sovereign. This right was relinquished for some time under the British rule, but has been recently revived Short of the most popular of precious stones, the diamond, Ceylon in reality produces almost every kind of gem that is valued in the markets of commerce. Diamonds have never been found, and this is somewhat remarkable, as a short distance away on the mainland of India, the famous Golconda mines have produced the very finest ones. The principal gems of Ceylon are sapphires and rubies, being the truc corundum. They are about equal in hardness, and take in each case a variety of colours too numerous to particularize. The sapphires of the district of Rakwana are the most highly prized, being of a rich velvety blue ; but there are hundreds of distinct shades of colour, from the palest blue azurc to an inky black (too dense for any use as ornaments). The two kinds most prized, as commanding a ready sale in European markets, are the rich velvety blue, much sought after by London dealers, and the peacock, or lightcr, but cxtremely rich blue, more valued by Parisian and Continental jcwellers. Of these two kinds several fine specimens are exhibited, the property of native Moormen in Colombo. The ruby of Ceylon, although not found of the truc " Pigeon Blood " colour, as in Burmah, yet is often a highly valuable gem ; it is here more frequently of a rich rosé colour, having considcrably more I'ght and life than its Pegu rival, and is preferred by many Orientals to the blood ruby, which although themore cosüy stone is invariably less brilliant than the Ceylon one. It is occasionally marrcd, as is also the sapphirc, by a peculiar silkiness which scems to extend right through its crystallization ; but in those cases where the silk is not apparent, and the gem of good rosé colour, the ruby ranks in value almost as highly as the pigeon blood stone of Burmah, several having been sold in Europe for large sums of money. A notable specimen of the rosc-colourcd ruby is exhibited in the collection of Mr. De Soysa, a fine gem, moderate ly well cut, and valued by him at £450.
Drugs. 50 33. Atalantia. Missionis (Pamburu). —The leaves and bark are used in rheumatism. 34. JEgle Mar milos (Beli). —Tho root, bark, and leaves are used in flatuleney, &c, and form a good medicine in low fever with hiliousness and diarrheea. Tbc unripe fruit b<iiled, and then baked under iiot ashes, chceks diarrheea and dysentery. The tender fruit, dried and boiled as tea, is used as a drink in chronic diarrheea. The ripe fruit is cooliug and laxative, and a good remedy for piles; and the sweet-seeute 1 extract from the llowers is used as a lotion for sore eyes. 35. Mrva lanata (l'ol-kudu-pala).—Much employed for coughs, as a vermifuge in children, and iv indigestion. 36. JEschynonu ne indica (Diya-siyambula). —Tho whole plant is used in diabetes and dysentery. 37. Azadirachta indica (Kohomba). —The juice of the leaves is used for injuries to the eve, and to kill intestinal worma. The bitter bark in fevers and convulsive diseases. The fruit is vermifuge and purgative. The oil extracted from the seeds is a good external remedy for rheumatic pains caused by exposure to cold air. 38. Bambusa vulgaris (Una). —Tho young shoots and roots are used as a cooliug tonic, useful in coughs, consumption, and aathma. 39. Barhria Friouitis (Katu-karandu). — A cooliug diuretie tonic : the whole plant is used in urinary and paralytio aft'ections, rheumatism and jauudice, and hepatic ob struction with dropsy. 40. BarringtoiUa speciosa (Mudilla). —The bark is used as an emetic in cases of severe catarrh. 41. 42. Barringtonia racemosa (Diya-mi dolla), and B. acutangulu (Ela-midella). —The bark is very astringent, used in snako bites, for sores and uleers, and in dislocations. 43. Baseüa alba (Niviti). —The whole plant is used as a cooliug and demulcent remedy, es peciallyused in cases of strietureoftheurethra. 44. Bassin longifolia (Mi).—The bark is slightly astringent and ratber pleasaut. It is given to promote appetite, and in fevers with rheumatism. The oil extracted from the seeds is used externally. 45. 46. BavMnia tmnenlosa (Kaha-pctan), and B. racemosa (Mayila).—The bark is used. It is a very astringent tonic; purifies the blood and cures uleers and cutancous dißeases. 47. Bininaisa ceri/era (Alu-puhul).—The juice of the green leaves is a safe and certain cure in burns and scaldings. The fruit is nutritive and diuretie, and is used as an anti dote for poison by arsenic, &c. 48. Boerhaavia dijfusa (Pita-sudu-pala).— Very carminative ; expels wind, checks bleed ing piles, and belps digestion. 49. Bombax malaliaricum (Katu imbul). — Tho leaves are used for diarrheea in cattle. The root is said to possess restorative, astrin gent, and alterative properties, and is used in cases of diarrhcea, dysentery, &c., and cxter nally applied to swellings and for rheumatic pains. 50. Brassica juncea (Aha). —Seeds are very pungent and used as a rubefacient poultice in gout and inllammation. Tüe leaves are used to promote appetite and to improve digestion. 51, 52. Breynia rhamnoide» (Gas-kayüa), and B. patent (Wal-nmrunga).—The bark is used in diseases of cattle, espeoially for young calves, as an anthelmintic. 53, 54. Bridelia return (Keta-kala) <iw! li. Moonii (Pal kala). —Bark and leaves used extemally for dispersion of the blood in bruises, also to boils and tmnours on the legs. 55. CaUicarpa lanata (Ula). —The leaves and bark are used in composition with other medicines to remove Üatulency. 56. Calophyllum tomentoewm (Kma). —The bark is used for dislocations and bruises, also to diepe! swelling. 57. Cahphyllum InophyUum (Domba). — The kernel of tho fruit is applied to indolent uleers, and in hoof disease of cattle. The oil extracted from it is used for malignant sores. An infusion of the leaves is employed to clcar tbc eyes. The root bark is used for rheumatic pains. The resin is emetic and purgative. 58. Ccdotropi» gigantea (Wara). — The green leaves are locally applied to dispel swellings. Tho root is a useful tonic, good in coughs and catarrhs. Tho milk of the plant is intemally used as a cure for leprosy. 59. Canarium zeylanicum (Kekuna). —The resin is used in composition with other drugs for a vapour bath in cases of cobra bite. It is also used as a fumigation to drive away snakes and insects from dwclling-houses. 60. Carma indica (Baisarana). —-The flour obtaincd frou the rhizome is used in place of arrowroot, and locally applied to boils and abcesses. 61. Capparis horridu (Welangiriya).—The bruised leaves are used for enlarged tonsils, snake bites, sores, and uleers. 62. Cardiospcrmum Halicacahum (Penela wel). —The whole plant is used in cases of rheu matism, nervous diseases, orchitis and dropsy. Used also as a hair wasb to remove scurf. 63. Carallia intcgerrima (Dawata). —The bark is used as a wash for uleers. 64. Careya arborea (Kahata).—Tho bark is used for foul uleers, and in sore throat, also for hoof diseases in cattle; it is very astringent and mucilaginous. 65. Caryota urens (Kitul). —The bark and roots are locally applied to cuts and wounds. 66. Casearia esculenta (Wal-waraka). — Wood and bark used in dislocations. 67. Cassia alata (Rata tora).—The wood is used as an alterative. 68. Cassia auriculata (Ranawara). —The
Drugs. 51 bark and roots an- used aa an alterative. The dried leaves also used ler the- tame purpose prepared as a tea. 69,70. Cassia occidentaUs (Peti-tora) and 0. Tora fPeni-tora). —Are used to purify the blood. The seeds are externally applied in skin diseases. The latter plant is said to bc | a remedy for cough. 71. Cassiq Fistula (Ehela). —Tv cases of rheumatic lever the tender leaves are used as a mild purgative, and the bark in composition with ether medicines is used for rheumatism. 72. Célastru» paniculata (Duhudu). —The bark is used; it isconsidered to strengthen the bram, purify the blond, and cure interna] and external sores and boils. Locally applied iv rheumatic and gouty pains. 73 to 76. Ceh»ia argentea Kiri-henda); also Amarantut tpinotut (Katu-tampala), -I. panicuhit!<!>)• (Kana.taaipala). and .1. pohj gonoides (Kiira tampala).—They are used as cooliug medicines in cases of eye diseases and urinary troubles. 77. CeUit cimnamomea (Gurenda).—The wood. which has a disgustiug ode.nr, is used as a fumigation at ohild-birth. Internally it is taken in composition with ether medicines in cases of outaneous diseases. 78. Ci ntranüu ru procumbens (Dutu-satutu). —The whole plant is used in cases of inter mittent, fever, and for sore eyes. 79. Cerbera OdoUam (Gon-kaduru).—The bark and wood are used for sores and uleers. 80. Oinnamomum teyUmiemn (Kurundu). — The bark and roots are used as a stimulant, stomaehic and aromatic. 81. Cissamm lot Pareira (Diya-mitta).—The roots are used in fever and diarrheea. The plant also onret uleers. 82. Cleidion javaaicum (Okuru). —The oil extracted from the seeds is used in sore ïnouth; and for the sore feet of cattle. 83. Clematis smilacifólia (Nara wel). —The leaves and bark are used in composition with other medicines for disloeation, rheumatism, and Ik.üs and abscessi s. 84. Clitoria tematea (Nil-katarolu). —The root is used as a mild purgative; it is also diuretie 85. Cecldospt roram Oottypium (Kini-hiriya). I—Tbc1 —Tbc llowers, roots and bark. are used in combination with other medicines for diseases caused by wind. 86. Ccualpinia Bonduc (Kumburn-wel). — The tender leaves are a good vermifuge for little children. The seeds are used asa febri fuge. 87. Colubrlna asiatica (Tel-hinya).—The bark is used in medicinal oils for rheumatic pains. 88. 89. Commelina benghalensis (Diya 'neiieriya), and 0. clanda ((iirii-pahi).—A Very cooling medicine given in bilious fever aud to reduce bile. 90. Connarus monocarpus ; Kadaliya).— The wood and bark are used in medicinal oils for abseesses and boils. 91. Oordia ttyxa ■ I.ólu). —Tbc leaves are used in asthma,and to lighten the tightness of the ohest in severe eolda and coughs. 92. Coscinium fenestratum (Weni-wel). — The woody stem is used; it is an excellent stomachio and a popular remedy in fever. Also promotea appetite, and is used toeure blood-sbot eyes. .„ 93. Crattßva Roxbwrghii (Lunu-warana). — The leavea are used as a remedy for gouty swellings, tbc bark to sharpen tho appetite, and in disorders of the urinary organs. 94. 95. Crinvim teylunicum (Goda manu), and Panoratium zeylanicum (Wal-Wnu). — Used to remove phlegm in coughs; externally applied to whitlows. 96. Crinnm aeiaticum (Tolabo). —The juice of the leaves is employed in ear-ache. The bulb is externally used for boils, and internally as an emetic. 87. Crotalaria labumi/olia (Yakberiya).— The whole plant, is used" for discases of the gum nnd in sore tbroat, and externally for aorea and eruptious. 98. Crotalaria verrucosa (Nil-andana hiriya).—The leaves are used ter bowel com plaints. 99, 100. Crotonlacciferum(Gas-keppitiy&), andC. aromaticvm (Wel-keppitiya).— Used in external piles. 101, 102. Curctdigo orchioidee (Hfn-bin tal), and ('. Finlaysoniana (Maha-bin-tal). — The tuberous roots are an ingrediënt in a medicinal oil toenol the head, and also given internally in cases of impotency, dcbility and piles. 103. Curcuma lonóa(Kaha). —Used in skin diseases, also as acooling wash in ophthalmia. 104. Cyathocalyx zeylanicus (Kekala). — The bark is used in intermittent fever, it is ton ie and astringent. 105. 106. Cyatkula geniculata (Bin-karal heba), and AchyrafUhes tamera (Gas-karal heba). —Are used in cases of dysentery ; they promote digestion and increase appetite. 107. Ci/ras circinalii (Madu). —The flour of the seeds is used in rheumatic aft'ections, also in anake bite, especially " polonga" bites. 108. Cyclea Burtnanm'(Kehi-pittan). —The whole plant is used for cattarrhal fever, cough and asthma. 109. Oymnchum pauciflorum (Kau-kum bald). —Locally applied to dispel rheumatic atfeetions. 110. Cyperuë rotundus (Kalanduni). —The rhizome is used in fever, diarrheea, dyspepsia, and stomaehic complaints. It is conaidered to be diaphoretic. 111. Oryptolepis Buehanani (Wel-ruk attana). —Employed for suake bite and in convulsions. E 2
Drugs. 52 112. Datura fastuosa (Attana). —The roots are used in bites by mad dogs; it is thought toeure insanity. The whole plant dried and smoked as tobaCCO, is beneficial in asthma. 113. Belima sarmentosa (Korasa-wel). —Tlie juice of the stem is used as an emetic, and to relieve rheumatic pain. 114. 115. !>■ tmodium triflorwm (Hi'n-unclu piyali), and 1). heteroph-yllum (Maha-undu piyali). —Used in cases of fever caused by catarrb. 116. Dirhrostachys cincrea (Andara). —The bark is used for rheumatism. 117. Dülenia indica (Hondapara).—The fruit is used toeure pimples on the eyelids, and the bark externally to dispel swellings in dialocation. 118. Dilhnia retnsa (Godapara).—The bark ia externally uaed to induco tho forma tion of matter in boils; also to reduce the swclling of dislocated joints. 119. Diospyros embryopteris (Timbiri). — The bark only is used; it 13 astringent, and used for sores and uleers. 120. Dipt' rocarpus zeylanicus (Hora). — The resin is used in devil ceremonies, and the leaves and bark to reduce the swelling of the joints of cattle caused by overwork. 121. Dipterocarput hispidus (Bu-hora). — The resin is used by the natives in bad cases of cobra bite, and the oil that exudes from the bark is locally applied to cattle attacked with murrain. 122. Dndnn.ra visCOta (Eta-werella). —A poultice made of the leaves and bark is applied to dislocations in cattle. 123. Bmmia extensa (Meda-hangu).—Used for rheumatic pains, cough, excessivc phlegm, and externally for sore eyes. 124. Doona zeylanica (Dun). —The bark is used in cattle diseases, and also to stop bleeding. 125. Dregea volubilis (Kiri-anguna).— Given in mild fever in children, and to women after child-birth to improve the secretion of milk. It is also said toeure asthma. 126,127. Drotera Burmanni (Wata-ressa), and 1). indica (Kandu-lessa). —Are used in tho composition of medicinal oils. 128. Drymoglostum heterophyUum (Panan- Peti). —Used as an eye wash; also to cool the head. 129, 130. Eclipta erecta (Ki'kirindi). and Wedelia calendnlacea (Ran-wan-kikirindi). — Used to purify the blood, to euro cutaneous diseases, and to cool the head. 131. I:'lmlin buxifolia (Hin-tambala). — Used externally in eye diseases. 132. Elephantopus scaber (Et-adi). —L T sed externally tor bruises and euts. 133. Kb ttaria cardaimomum (Ensiil). —Used for flatulenoy, also in diseases in the bram in composition with other drugs as a snuff. 134. EU urine indica (Wal-knrakkan, Bela tana). —Used for sprains and dislocations. 135. Embclia Ribes (Wel-embilla).—Bark and leaves rathcr acid and slightly astringent, promote digestion, and purify tho blood; locally used for boils, ringworm, and skin discases. 136. Emilia sonrhifolia (Kadu-pahara).— Used for cuts and wounds. 137. Entada scauib ru (Pus-wel). —The juico of tho bark and wood is used to poison fish ; also toeure uleers and sores. 138. 139. EpaUet dinaricata (Hin-muda mahana), and Sphccranthus indient (Muda mabana). —Bitter and astringent tonics. They promote digestion, cure bleeding piles, and deatroy intestinal worms. Also employed with benefit in diseases of the bladder and urinary passages. 140. Eriocaulnn quinqnangulare (Kok mota). —Used in fever of children with predn minanco of bile. Also for consumption with expeetoration of blood. 141. Eriodendron anfractuasum (Imbul). —■ The bark is usod for iutermittent fever, and as an antidote to fever. The juice of tho leaves is used in diseases of cattle. 142,143. Erylliriij-yliirn monogynum(Teva turum), and F. hiridum (Bata-kirilla). —The leaves of these plants are used to expel intes tinal worms. The fermer is also used by tbc poorcr class of people to appease hunger in time of famine. 144. Eugenia operculaia (Bata-domba). — The bark is used as a local wash for sores and itches, also as a gargle for sore throat, and a lotion for ringworm. 145,146,147. Eugenia aguea (Wal jambu), E.Jamlmlana (Maha-dan), and E. caryophyllasa (Dan). —The juice of the green leaves of the above is used in dysentery with discharge of blood, and bowel complaints; and theinfusion of tho dried bark in cases of diarrheea of children. 148, 149. Euphorbia torlili* (Simik), and 7. TirueaUi (Nawahandi). —Given as apurga tive, and locally applied for blistering. 150. F.nplwrbia rotea (Müdu-dada-kfriya). —The whole plant is used in composition with other drugs for diseases of the head. 151. Euphorbia antiguorum(Di\luk). —lt is used as a purgative in cases of dropsical affections and cutaneous diseases, also in snake bites. 152. 153, 154. Euphorbia parvifora (Ela dada-kiriya), E. hirta (Uu-duda-kiriya), and E. Ihymifolia (Bin-dada-kfriya).—The whole plant is used in coughs and asthma, and externally for cuts, bruises, and uleers. 155. Evodia Rox6urjA«jn<i](Limn-ankenda). — The fresh bark ia used in dislocations and bruises ei' eattle ; as a decoction it is supposed to possess digestive proporties. The leaves are used to euro snake bite.
Drugs. 53 156. Evolvulus altinoidet (Vcsnu-Krauti). —The whole plant is used as a good tonic, to promote the appetite, toeure mild fever; it is a pleasant bitter. 157. Exaeum zeylanicum, (Bindara). —Good tonic and very bitter, used in mild fevers. 158. Feronia elephantum (Diwul). — The green fruit is used to check diarrheea and dysentery. The leaves are a good remedy for catarrhal fever and beadaehe in infants ; the juice of the buds is employed for injuries of the eye. The ripe fruit cures hiocough and aifections of the throat, and also checks excessivc discharge of urine. 159. Ficut altisrirna (Nuga).- Used as a wash for uleers, and internally to check diarrheea. 160. Ficut glomrrata (Attika). —The bark and fruit are used in dysentery and bowel complaints. 161. Ficus hitpida (Kota-dirabula). —The bark is used in couvulsivo dis. 162. Ficus infectoria (Kalaha). —Tho bark is used for chewing in place of betel leaves for strengthening the guins. 163. Ficut religiosa (Bó). —Tho bark is used for bowel eoinplaiuts. as an astringent and cooling tonic. also as a wash tbr foul sores and uleers. 164. Filicium decipiens (Pehimbiya).—The leaves are used for boils as a poultico. 165. Flacourtia Bamontehi (Ugurcssa).— An astringent tonic used in fevers and dysentery, also to check purging and to relieve nausea. 166. Fluggi a L< ucopyrus (Hfn-katu-pila).— The leaves are used to kill maggots in sores and uleers, also for fumigation iii fevers of children. 167. Oarcinia MoreUa ((tokatu). —The bark and leaves possess the same medicinal pro pertics as the Goraka, but tbc gum is a strong purgative and used in dropsy. 168. Oarcinia Oambogia (Goraka). —The bark and leaves are used for obstinate consti pation, and are externally applied to n duce inflammation, and local pain, and heal cuts and wounds. 169. Oosreinia echinocarpa (Madol). — The leaves and bark are used in dropsical affections, also as a vermifuge. 170. Oardenia laüfóUa (Galis). —Used in compouuding a medicinal oil, and for fumiga tion. 171. (iiranliiiiti teyïaniea (Gas-kamham biliya).—The root aud bark used for fever and boils. 172. Glorioxa superba (Niyangala).—The tuberous roots are used in snake bites. Thcy are also locally applied to expedite delivery. 173. Olyeotmit pentaphylla (Dodan-pana). —The bark. leaves and roots are used. Sup posed to be very rel'rigerant, used in fever, rheumatic affections aud biliousness. Fumi gation with the leaves is a popular remedy in hcadaehe eaused by eatarrh. 174, 175. Gnutina atiatiea (Demata),and O. arhorea (Et-demnta). —The bark' is used in bilious fever, indigestion and stomach-ache. 176. Qrewia microcot (Keliya).—The bark is used in painful constipation of bowels. 177. Gymnenta lactiferum (Ivurinnan). — Tho leaves are used as a vegetatie to promote the scerctiun of milk after child-birtb, also in cases of dysentery and snake bite. 178. Oynandroprii pentaphylla (Wcla). — A reputed euro for cobra bite, and a remedy for convulsive affections and typhus fever, also used for ear-ache, head-ache and tooth ache, and intcstinal pains caused by worms. 179. Oyrinopt Waüa fWalla).—A good vermifuge, also believed to strengthen loose toeth and check decay. 180. Sedyotis nit'ida (Pita-sudu-pala). — Used in nervous discases and intermittcut fever. ('onsidered a blood-purifier. 181. Jlcdyotis auricularia (Geta-kola). — Used for cooling the bowels, and in cutaneous diseases. 182. Hemidetmut indient (Iramusu). —The root is used to purify the blood, promote appetite, and cure skin diseases and syphilis. Called native sarsaparilla. 183. Heptapleurum stellatum (Itta). —Used in dislocations and for stomach-ache in calves. 184. Herprittix .l/e»»/em(Lunuwila). —Tbc whole plant is used as a mild purgative to euro eruptions on children, and in small pox to keep the bowels free and to relieve head-ache. It is also used as a fomentatiou for crysipi las and elepbantiasis. 185. Mibitcut angulotut (Kapu-Kinissa).— The whole plant is used in rheumatism, and as an aphrodisiac. 186,187. Hibitcut surattensis (Ilm-niipir itta), and H.furcatus (Napiritta).—Are locally used as a poultice to boils, the leaves are used for snake bite. 188. Hótoptelea integrifoUa (Goda-Kirilla) —The juice of the bark is used to kill maggots in uleers of men and beasts, also to destroy intestinal worms in children. 189. Holarrhena mitis (Kiri-walla). —The bark and wood aro used as a mouth-wash to strengthen the gums, and internally to destroy int. stinal worms, and check mild low fevei and dysentery. 19Ó. Jlunteria corymbosa (Mediya).— Locally used to reduce swelling caused by bruises and cuts. 191. Kydnocarpus venmata (Makulu). — The fruit is poisonous, an oil from it is used in cutaneous affections and leprosy. 192, 193. Hydrocotyle javanica (Maha gotu-kola), and 11. ariatica (Hin-gotu-kola).— A good tonic chiefly given to children for bowel complaints. It purifies the blood. checks slight dysentery and promotcs digestion; it
54 Drugs. also cures nervousness, and skin diseases; and is a reputedcure for offenaive breatb, 194. Hydrolca teyïaniea (Diya-Kirrilla).— Used for cuts and bruises and for dislocations. 195. Hygrophila spinota (Katu-ikiri). — The whole plant is used in diabetes, it checks excessive bile and phlegm, and purifics tho blond. 196. Impatiens flaccida (Küdalu-mal). —A very cooling medicine, useful iv nervous and urinary diseases. and in menorrhagia. 197. Indigo/t ra tinetoria (N'il-awari). — The plant is used in diseases of the kidney, enlargement of the spleen, and whoopiug cough of children. 198. Iponuea aquatica (Kan-Kun). —Used to eool the bowels. 199. Ipomcea Beladamltce (Bin-tamburu). — Used inmediciurl oil for the head to check giddincss, and to keep the head cool. 200. Ipomcea coeeinea (Waha-tella). —Uaed in catarrhal fever. 201. Ipomcea digitata (Kiri-badu). —The bulb is used toeure Impotency, and to in crease tho secretion of nvilk. 202. Ipomcea Turpethum (Trasta-walu). — The root is used in cases of fever, dropsy, and rheumatism, a good purgative for various complaints, and a substitutc lor jalap. 203. Ixora coeeinea (Batambala).- —The tlowers and tho bark are used for blood-shot eyes, and the leaves for sores and uleers, aud internally for diarrheea. 204. 205. Jatminum Bamboe (Pichcha), and J. angustifolium (Wal-pichcha).—Astringent and bitter, used for pnt-bellied children and as a mouth-wash to strengthen loose teeth. 206. Justicia />'<(onieafjsudu-puruk).—Used externally to boils and abscesses to bring out the core. 207, 208, 209. Ktempferia pandurata (Ainba-kaha), Curcuma Zerumbet ( Haran kaha), and 0. aromatica (Dada-kaha). — Applied to wounds and bruises; also used in medicinal oils, and as a cooling wash iv ophthalmia. 210. Klugia Notoniana (Diyanüla).—A cooling medicine given iv biliousuess and dysmenorrheea. 211. Lagenandra oï»<'//Vm(Ati-udayan).— Used in nervous fever. 212. Lagenandra toxicaria (Ketala). —An ontward application to boils to reduce pain. 213. Lagi rstra mia Flos-reginse (Muruta). — The root is used in composition with otber drugs to draw out thorns, «e., from the sole of the foot, and to reduce swelling. 214. Laportea eremdata (Ma-uss<i. —For foul uleers; the bark and wood used. 215. Laria tpinosa (Kohila). —A well known remedy for piles. 216. Lasiosiplion eriocephalus (Naha). — Externally applied to foul uleers to destroy maggots, particularly in hoof-diseased cattle. 217. heen sambucina (Burulla). —Used in cattle murrain, to expel worms from children, and locally toeure ringworm and the obstinate sores caused by burus. The ripo fruit is a cure for warts. 218, 219. Leucas mollissima (Sndu-tumba), and L. teyïaniea (Geta-tumba). —Used in dog bite, and in mild fever caused by indigestion ; also to relieve pain caused by inteatinal worms. 220. lAmonia alata (Tumpat-kurundu).— s and bark are used in fomentations for rheumatic pains. 221. Littea eébi/era (Rómi). —The bark is locally used in diuocation ; also in bruises to produce dispersion of extravasated blood. 222. Littea teyïaniea Dawul-kurundu). — Used in snake bites. 223. Mangifera teyïaniea (Amba). —The juice of the bark internally used to check diarrheea. 224. Marsa\ nia t> nacissima (Murnwa-dül). —The leaves are used for Hatulenee and eon vulsions. 225. Memecylon umbeUatum (Kora-kaha). — The roots are used in fiatulency, &c. 226. Metuaferrea (Na). —The oil obtained from the seed is used for various diseases in cattle, also for rheumatism in men. The dried flowers are very stimulant and used iv mild e isi b of fever, and with other drugs as snuft' for bram diseases. The bark is astringent, and used in composition with other medicines for rheumatic fever with diarrheea. 227. Mètoneurum enneaphyllum (Goda wawuletiya).—The whole plant is used for sickness after child-birth. Also given to cattle suffering from worms. 228. Michelia < Jiampaca (Sapu).—Tlie bark ouly is used in low fever. t'onsidered to bo a good tonic and febrifugc. It ia bitter and aromatic 229. Mimosa pudica (Nidi-kumba). —Used in cobra bite, and Bupposed to bc a real cure. In case of anything falliug into the eye the whole plant is ehewed. and it is believed that the forcign body will be expelled. 230. VBmmopt Elengi (Müna-mal). —The bark is used lor deeaying gums; also for snake bite. 231. Mimusopthexandra (I'alu). —Thebark is employed as a gargle for soro throat; also to purify the blood. 232. Mirahilix Jalapa (Sendriku).— The juice of the plant is applied foracalda, wounds and bruises; also to boils. 233. Monoehoria Tiaste/oZéa (Diya-habarala). —Very cooling; used to remove bile. 234. Morinda citrifolia (Ahu). —The leaves are used as outward application for sores and wounds, &c; also internally for diarrheea. 235. Moringa pterygosperma (Murunga). — The bark of tlie tree and of the root is used ; it is acrid, and pungent; internally used for
Drugs. 55 promoting the appetite and help digestion, and externally as a rubefacient in oases of collapse; the leaves for wounds from dog bites. 236. Munronia pumila (Bin-kohomba). — The juice of the groen leaves internally used in mild leprosy. The whole plant, which is very bitter, is used in cases of constilutional debility and remittent fever. Agoodsubsti tute for chiretta. 237. Mwrraya t xotica (Ette'riya).—The roots and bark are used ; good tonic and stomaehic; generally used in windy complaints and in digestion. 238. 239. Mwrraya Kcenigii (Karapincha), and CJautena indica (Mi'gon-karapincha).— The leaves of the first used to flavour ourries, and tbc roots, bark. aud stalks of both in fever caused by indigestion; they are also supposed to be a good remedy for dysentery. 240. Mutuenda frondota (Mussenda). —F'or infiammatory swellings, locally used. 241. Myristica Irya (Iriya).—The bark is Used in medicinal oils for sores. 242. 243. Myristica laurifolia (Malaboda), and M. HortfiMia (Ruk). —Tbc bark is used for dislocations, and also for uleers. 244. Ni himliiiiiu speciotum (Nelnn). —The stem is used iv cases of intermittent fever and dysentery. Tlie stanieiis of the llower are cooling and astringent, and used iv bloeding piles aud in parturition. 245. Nephelium LonganaQ/Low.). —The bark is used iv mild fever, and tlie fresh juice to cure ear-ache. 246. Nymphata Lotus (Olu). —The tubera are used for blood-ahot eyes, also to reduce thirst in cases of intermittent fever. 247,248. Ocimum canum (üin tala). and 0. sanctum (Maduru tató).—-Used iv f umi gation to drive away mosquitoes, and inter nally in cases of catarrh and cough with pain in the Bides, 249. Ocimum gratitrimum (Otala). —Used in fumigation, and as a vapour in cobra bite; also locally applied to dismi swellings. 250. Odina Woodier (Hik), —A docoction made el' the bark is used as a gargle iv cases of malignant sore throat, also used exti rnally toeure uleers and sores. 251. Oldenlandia corymbosa (Wal-patpa dagam).—A bitter tonic and febrifuge used for bilious fever with irritability of the stomach. also tbr diarrheea. 252. Ophiorrhisa Muwj<>* Dat-ketiya).—A safe remedy lor tooth-ache; the leal'used. 253. Oroxylum indieum (Totila). —Tho bark is u* d as a bitter tonic. Il dispels rheumatic swellings. reducea phlegm, and checks fever, diarrheea and dysentery. 254. 255. Otbeckia atpera (Bdwitiya), and 0. octandra (Hin-bowitiva). —The reets and leaves are used externally to boils and ab scesses. 256. Oxnlis oorniculata (Ilin-cmbul-cm- biliya).—The fresh juice of the leaves is used in bleeding piles, the green lecves are eaten as salad to promote appetite, and as au anti dote to datura poisoning. 257. Pandanut teylanieut (0-kéyiya).—The juice of the root ia used iv medicinal oil for cooling the head and dispoll ing giddiness, also to inorease the growth of the bair. 258. Pandanus fcetidus (Dunu-keyiya).— Used in irritability of the stomach. 259. Pandanus fascicularis (Miïdu-kcyiya). Externally applied to the head tbr the growth of the hair. 260. I'itnicum antidotale (Krimiaastru). — A good worm medicine tbr children. 261. Paramignya vionophylla (Wellan giriya).—The root is used. [t is very aro matic and a valuable remedy in dysentery. 262. Pedalium Murex ( Et-nerenohi). —Tho whole plant is used in gonorrhcea and other disorders of the urinary passages. 263. Pericopsis Mooniana (Ncdun). —Tho bark is usrd in medicinal oil for rheumatism and eenvul-iens. 264. PhyllanÜius indient (Karawu). —Tlie bark is used in sprains and bruises of cattle. 265. 266. Phyllanthut Aïrur» d'itawakka), and i. Urinaria (Rat-pitawakka).— The whole plant is used iv marasinus aud jaundice, and locally applied for bruises. 267. PhyUanihut Embtiea (Nclli).—The fruits are a cooling laxaüve, used in dyspepsia. 268. PimpineUa Heyneana (Wal-asamod agan.—Used in place of tl.e truc Asamod agan (Ptychotis Ajowan | in bowel complaints. 269. Piper Betle (Bulat-wel). —Carmina- live. stimulant, aromatic, and astringent. 270. Piper Chaurya (Siwiya-wel).—lt re duecs phlegm, and is supposed to be stimulant, ar tic, and cariniuativc ; used in cases of indigestion. 271. I'ipi r Iniigum (Tippili).—The roots and tbc dried tlower-spikes are used in cough, hunr.-cnoss. and dyspepsia. 272. PitHa Stratiotes (Diya-parandella).— l'sed to induee a free flow ei' urine. 273. Plectranthus teylanieut (Iri-weriya). —Tho roots and leaves aio used iv cases of dysentery and diarrheea to promote the ap petite and dispel pain ; also used in medicinal oil. 274,275. Plumbago teyïaniea (Ela-netul), and I. rosea (Kat-netul.) —Increases the di gi-the powors, aud is useful in dyspepsia, cures piles and cutaneous diseases, reducea swellings, and destroya intestinal worms. 276. Pogostemon Heyneanus (Gan-kollan kola). —Tho dried leaves powdered are used an snuif for diseases ol' the bram. 277. Pongamia glabra (Magul-karanda).— The root is used as a tooth-bi ush, not only to clean the teeth, but to check decay. The juice of the root bark is used tbr itches and sores. Tho green juice of the lark and of
56 Drugs. the leaves are externally applied to relieve rheumatic pain. The oil extracted from the seeds is used for Malabar itch, and a poultioe made of tho green leaves applied to uleers intbsted with worms. 278. Portulaoa quadrifida (llin-genda kola). —The fresh juice of the leaves is cooling, refrigerent, and stomaehic; used for bleeding piles. scalds and burns and boila. 279. Portulaoa bleraeea (Genda-kola). — The whole plant is used for diseases con sidered to be caused by bile; also applied externally in burns, scalds, and erysipelas. 280. Portidaca tuberota (Uru-genda).— Possesses the same qualities as above. 281. Pothot tcandent (Pdta-wel).—-The leaves and stem are used for rheumatism; also for dysentery, 282. 283. Premna terratifolia (Midi), and I. latifdia (Mahamidi). —A bitter tenie. used largely in a variety et' affections; it is Stomaehic and carmi native. 284. J'tt rooarput Mareupium (Gammalu). — The bark is used in acute diarrheea; it is very astringent 285,286. Bandia r.//;//</.-,r(KI-kukununan), and 71. dumetonm (Kukuruman). —The roof is used for diarrheea aud bilious attacks. The pulp of the fruit is a good and safe emetic. 287. llaini-tJiin serpentina (Eka-wcriya).—■ Used for cobra bite. 288. Rhinacanthus communis (Anitta). — The root aud leaves are used in cutaneous diseases, it is a safe remedy for Malabar iiehes and ringworms. 289. Ricinus communis (Endaru). —The roef is used tbr wind and eostiveness. 290. Baccharumprocerum (Rambuk). —The juice of the sterns and leaves is given after child-birth. 291. 292. Balacia reticulata (Himbutu wel) and 8. prinoides (Ili'n-hiinbutu-wel). — The woody stem is used in diabetes. 293. Bamadara indica (Samadara). —The root-bark is used internally to purify the blood, and a decoction made of the leaves as a wash in cutaneous diseases. 294. Saust rit ra zeylanica (Niyanda).—The juice of the leaves is used to remove irritability ot' the stomach. 295. Bapin luslaurifolius (Kaha-penela).— The juice of the bark as well as of the fruit is applied to 11 ii■ nose in cases of' lock-jaw. 296. Sapiiim indicum (Kiri-makulu). —The oil extracted from the seeds is given in bowel complaints of children. 297. Sowcocephalus cordatus (Bak-mQ. — Used in dislocations, cuts and bruises, uleers aud boils. 298. Scftl ii-lnrn trijugn (Kon). —The juice of the leaves is given internally in biliousness, and externally applied as a cooling remedy to the head in giddiness, insanity and other dis orders of the bram. 299. BcóUypia Gat rtnt //(Katu-kurundu). — The roots are used locally for skin diseases. 300. Setamum indicum (Wal-tala). —-The seed is used to relieve cnnstipation, and the oil extracted from the seed applied to allay pain and strengthen the joints. 301. Sesbania grandiflora (Katuru-mur unga).—Tho wood and bark are used in medicinal oils, for diseases of tho bram. They are also employed in catarrhal fever and beadaebe. 302,303, 304,305. Sidn humilix (Bewila), 8. rhombifolia (Ketikan-bewila). 8. mysorenrit ((iirivedi-bowila), and S. cordi/olia (Biube wila). —The roots are used in rheumatic fever, and are considered to be cooling, astringent and tonic, to check perspiration and increase appetite. The leaves of all the varieties are applied to the head for cooling it and to relieve giddiness, and also used with other medicinal drugs in fever. A decoction of the root is given to women during gestation to facilitatc delivery. 308, 307. Smilax ovali/olia (Maha- Kabarasa), and 8. teyïaniea (Hm-Kabarasa). —Used as alteratives. 308. Sdanum trilóbatum (Wal-tibbatu). — Tho whole plant is used in asthma and catarrhal fever 309. Solarium verbatcifolium (Hekirilla). — Used in cobra bite. 310. 311. Solauum xanthocarpum (Ela batu) and 8. Jacquini (Katu-wel-batu). — Slightly bitter, inereases the appetite, helps di gestion, eures cough, and killsintestinal worms. 312. Solanum indicum (Tibbatu). —Use<l for catarrhal fever, pain in the chest, cough, asthma and tootbache; tho fruit destroy s intestinal worms. 313. Solanum ft rox (Mala-batu). —Used in cutaneous diseases. 314. Spilanthet Acmella (Akmella). —The leaves aud llowers are used for toothache and sore throat; also to check tho diarrheea of women at child-birth. 315. Spcmdias mangifera (Embarella). — The bark is used for rheumatism. 316. Sterculia Balanghat (Nava). —The barl; is used as bandages for dislocated joints and broken arms. 317. Sterculia fcetida (Telambu).—Tho ashesof the bark are applied to indolent ulcera and sores, malignant sore-throat and ra ja-boils. 318. Stri Nut nipt r (Ueta-notul). —Tlie bark is used for dislocatiou and bruises, the juice of tbc bark for boils. 319. Sterêospermum sim realen* (1'alol). — The bark is used tbr bilious fever, a very cool ing and diuretie tonic. 320. Strychnos Nux-vomica (Goda-kaduru). —The bark is used as a tonic in cases of' diseases of the nervous system and in rheuma tism, also externally applied to purify foul uleers and toeure itch.
Drugs. 57 321. Strychnos potatorwm (Ingiui).—Used to clear water from impurity, externally applied to strengthen tbc sight, and internally in cases of gravel and for convulsions in children. 322. Symplocoe tpicata (Bómbu). —The leaves aud bark are used externally for dis location. The water of the boiled leaves used its an eye wash. 323. Taberncemontana dichotoma (Divika duru). —The seeds are used for sores and uleers. 324. TamariuilnS'indica (Siyambala).—The tender leaves are used to reduce inflammatory swelling in sore eyes; as a poultico to boils and absecsses. The fruit is used to flavour curries, as well as for its wholesome qualities; the seed is employed in tooth-ache, and also for ebronic diarrheea. 325. 326. Tephrotia tinctoria (Alu-pila), and 2. villosa (Bü-pila).—These are used for diseasis in children, such as cough, asthma, and whooping cough, also to purify the blood and to check mild cases of diarrheea. 327. Terminalia Chebula (Aralu). —The bark of the nut is good for fever, asthma, urinary disorders, eye diseases, costiveness, ebronic diarrheea, flatulence, vomitings, hiccough, heart disease, enlarged spleen and liver. and skin diseases. The roasted nuts ure used as a tooth powder. 328. Terminalia Belerioa (Bulu). —The nuts are used; they are are very astringent, employed in eye diseases, fever.cougb, hoarae ness. and to purify the blood. 329. Terminalia glabra (Kumbuk). —Tho bark and the wood are used; they are an astringent and cooling tonic, and considcred good for heart disease. 330. Thespesia populnea (Süriya).—The bark is used as an outward application in •skin diseases and iv swellings, and the leaves as a decoction in constipatiou of the bowels in cattle; the leaves boiled as a fomeutation to boils and eruptions. 331. Tinospora crispa (Titta-kinda). —Used in combination with other medicines in cases of mild intermittent and rheumatic fever; a valuable febrifuge. 332. Tinospora malabarica (Bü-kinda). — Said to possess the same medicinal proporties as the above, and used when the other is not procurahle. 333. Tinospora eordifólia (Rasa-kinda). — The stem is used in lever, skin discase, jaundiee,rheumatism and sypbilitic affections, and is a valuable tonic. 344. Toddalia aeuleata (Kudu-miris). — The plant is used in constitutional debility and iow nervous lever with oold shivering fits. It possesses bitter tonic and aphrodiaiao properties. 335. Tragia montana (Wel-kahambiliya).— Given iv mild fever iv children caused by bowel complaints. 336. Trichopus zeylanicus (Bim-pol).—Used in medicinal oils. 337. Trichosanthet cucumerina (Dummella). —The root is used for expelling intestinal worms, and the leaves and stem are good for bilious disorders and to promote appetite. It is also used in cutaneous disease, and to regu lair- the menstrnal discharge. 338. Trichosanthes palmata (Titta-Hon dala). —Tho fruit used for foul ulcers; the root for cattle medicines. 339. Triumfetta rhomboidea (Epala).—The whole plant is used, and is supposed to possess cooling and diuretic properties. The juice of the leaves is used as a cure for mumps. 340. Tylojthom asikmatica (Bin-nuga).— The whole plant is used. It is a good emetic in cases of malignant dysentery, it also cures diarrhcea and sores and ulcers. A substitute for iprcacunnha. 341. Typhonium divuricaluin (Polon-ala). — Used in snake bites. 342. Vernonia anChelmintica (Sanni-nayan). —Used in fever with convulsions, and to re move exceasive phlegm in cough; externally used for cutaneous diseases. 343. Vernonia ei neren (Monara-Kudim biya).—Slightly astringent and pleasaut bitter; used locally to wounds and sores, and inter nally to promote perspiration. 344. Vernonia teyïaniea (Pupula).—The stem is used for cuts and wounds. 345. Vateria acuminnta (Hal). —Tho resin is used in acute cases of gonorrheea. The oil obtained from the fruit and bark is locally applied in rheumatism. 346. Vatica Roxburghiana (Mendora). — The leaves and bark are taid to possess simi lar proporties to the last. 347. Vitis adnata (Wal-diya-labu).—Used in cattle diseases. 348. Vitis Linns i (Wal-nivit i).—The wood of this is used in medicinal oils for uleers and sores. 349. Vitis quadrangularis (Hircssa).— Tbc juice of the stem is used for ear-aohe and eye diseases, and internally for piles, bowel affec tions, and as a mild purgative. 350. Vitex Negundo (Nika).—The leaves, bark and root are used iv tooth-ache and rheumatism, in eye diseases, and as a tonic to reduce phlegm, promote appetite, expel wind, and destroy worms. 351. Vik.f altissima (Milla).—The leaves and bark are used for fomenting rheumatic swellings. 352. Wissadula teyïaniea (Kiri-kaju).—■ Locally applied to culs and wounds. 353. Withania tomnifera (Amukkara). — Used for coughs and asthma. 354. Worrnia triquetra (Diya-para).—Tho root is used in biliousness, externally for swollen testieles. 355. Wrightia zeylauica (Sudu-idda). —Tho
58 Drugs. juice of the hark and wood is used for diseases of the car, and boils on children. 356. Xylopia parviflora (Netawu). —The bark is used in composition with other medi cines toeure uleers. 357. Xylopia Championii (Dat-ketiya). — The leaves are used with salt and turmerio for cobra bites. 358. Xyris indica (Kan-manissa). —Used in medicinal oil for cutaneous diseases and ring worm. 359. Zingibcr eylindrieum (Wal-ingurn).— A well-known stimulant and aromatic in indigestion and fever; externally used for paralysis and rheumatism. 360. Zizyph ut Jvjuba (Maba-debara). —The dry leaves are used in cough and asthma, hiccough, and heart disease. Tho fruit is said to possess antidotal properties in cases of stiuging by wasps. 361. 362. Zizyphus Oinoplia (Hm-era miniya), and Z. rugosa (Maha-eraminiya).— The bark is used iv fermenting toddy, aud also as a remedy for swellings, dislocations, and eye diseases. N S. FEBNANDO, Colombo.—A collection of 170 Bazaar Drugs, &c, in bottles [Lists have been separately printed, and can be obtaincd iv the Court on application]. W. A. JAYASINGHA, Balapiti modera.—A collection of Si» indigenous native drugs from tbc Western Province. Dr. W. C. ONDAATJE.—Nux Vomica seeds and pulp from Hambantota. R. S. FRASES, Kandanewera, Ma tale. —Calabar Beans grown on the cstate (Physostigma venenatum). A. G. HOBSON, Ankanda Estate, Matale. —Seeds of Cola i (Cola nuts) grown on the estate. CLASS IV. RAW PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES. Section i. Oil Seeds and Oils. [P. and X.] COCONUT Oil [X.]. —The tree producing the nut (Cocos nucifera) which yields this oil may not be indigenous, but in any case it was found growing in abundance by the first Europeans who settlcd on the island. Vet the trade in the oil is of comparatively modern date, this product never having been shipped to Europe by either Portuguese or Dutch. To a former governor of Ceylon, Sir Edward Barnes, who formed the first coffee plantation, belongs the credit of inaugurating a trade in this oil with England. He imported a small steam-enginc and mill-stones for crushing the dried kcrnel, or copra; and when at the close of a few years the experiment was shown to be a complete and profitable success, the machinery was sold to a mercantile firm in 1834. During the past fifty years, the cultivation of the coconut palm has been largely extended, and the manufacture of the oil greatly in creased, as may be seen by the following figures, showing the quantity exportcd in each shipping season ending September 30th. 1876 . Cwts. 194,306 1877 . . . 152,416 1878 . . . 112,825 1579 . Cwts. 213,622 1850 . . . 316,503 1851 . . . 247,113
Raw Products. 59 1882 . Cwts. 183,76 S 1883 . . . 306,299 1884 . Cwts. 423,830 1885 . . . 274,998 In the year 1836 the export oil trade receivcd a considcrable impetus by the action of agents of Pricc's Patent Candlc Company, of the Belmont Factory, who in 1836 erected large steam milis at Hults dorp, a suburb of Colombo, which proved so successful that other large and costly oil manufactories were aftcrwards cstablished, in which the newcst and most powerful hydraulic steam works were put up. Vet notwithstanding the investment of so much capital in powerful machinery for oil making, steam has never been able to efface the simplc native mill, or checko, from competition, and at the present time there are said to be eight hundred of these primitive milis at work throughout the country, üwing to the presencc in this oil of a large proportion of stearine or fatty saponaccous matter, it becomes solid at a low temperature ; in warm climates it is perfcctly limpid and bright. The stearine, extracted from it by pressure, is employed in the manufacture of soap and candles, the well-known " Belmont" candles being largely composed of this substance. In Ceylon the natives use it when fresh for cooking purposes, and it is considered by them as an excellent oil for the hair, for which purpose it is used freely. The oil of the bright yellow, or " king" coconut, made by boiling the dried kernel in water, is highly estecmed by all classes of natives and many Europeans, as a soft and efficacious oil for the hair; it is devoid of the strong nutty aroma of the ordinary oil. When solid, in cool weather, the oil is beautifully white ; when liquid, as is the purificd oil shown by Messrs. G. & W. Lccchman, it is of a bright palc straw colour clcar as water. In Ceylon it was at one time commonly used for burning in lamps, but kerosenc oil has now entirely superscded it amongst Europeans, and to a great extent with the bettcr class of natives. CASTOR {Ricinus communis). —This plant grows frecly on almost any soil, in the low country, whcrc there is not much shade ; indeed, when oncc introduced on any land, it is often found difficult to eradicate. It is a frcc seed-bcarer, but is not a favourite plant with the natives, as it is supposed to bc prejudicial to health when grown in any quantity near habitations, thus it is not extensivcly cultivatcd in Ceylon. Castor Oil. —The produce of the seeds of Ricinus communis is not made in this island for commercial purposes, though met with in bazaars in outlying districts, inhabitants of the towns preferring
6 Natural Objects. The recent finds of sapphires, &c, in Cashmcrc and other countries have seriously depreciated the value of the Ceylon stone, but by com petent judges it is pronounced that a real velvety blue sapphire of Rakwana can even now bcar the palm for beauty. Unfortunately the Ceylon lapidary, although exceedingly skilful with his rude appli ances, has but one idea, his object being to cut every stone from the rough with as much weight and size as possible, thus sacrificing the beauty of the gem to a desirc to keep up its weight. The conse quence is that Ceylon stones when in competition with numcrous outputs of othcr mines, are invariably condemncd on account of their bad cutting, the term a sapphirc "nail," often applied, being a satire on the enormous depth. If a system of educational cutting could be introduced, the value of the gems exported from Ceylon would be doubled ; now, when recut by English lapidaries, three or four times the value is obtained in the trade. Digging for gems, like all gambling speculations, is but too attrac tive, and great numbers of the rural population neglect the safer pursuits of agriculture for the speculative profits of the gem pits. The process is exceedingly primitive. No European organization or ma chinery has ever been introduced on this industry. The ground sup posed to be more especially rich in precious stones is invariably rented for an annual sum, and coolics are at once engagcd in digging ; the soil excavated is heapcd upon one side, until sufficiënt is accumulated, and then washed through a trough with variously sizcd perforated zinc stops, which permit the soil to be washed away, and retain all stones according to their sizes. These stones are placed on a table or flat surfacc, and the gems are easily distinguished and picked out. Almost every washing yields some kind of sapphirc, ruby, or other precious stones, but of such inferior qualities that the cost of cutting would exceed the value when cut: the proportion of gems capable of being cut and rcally markctable is not more than one per cent. It is impossible to estimate the annual yield of precious stones in Ceylon. Some returns are attempted by the Government, but there is no doubt that through private sourees four or five times the reputed values are each year sent to Europe. The two principal districts for rubies and sapphires are Ratnapura and Rakwana, and with these gems in the same districts are often associated the much cstccmcd stone, the catseye. There may be added also the star'stone, amethyst, alexandrite, moonstone, aqua marine, chrysolitc, chrysobcryl, garnet, topaz, tourmaline, spinels, &c.
60 Raw Products. to employ the importcd article from Madras, which is much fincr in quality than the locally made oil. GINGELLY, or SESAMUM Seed.—The plant producing this small seed (Sesamum indicum) grows freely in most parts of India, and is cultivated to some extent in the Jaffna and Kuruncgala districts. It is largely exported from India to Europe, but only moderately so from Ceylon, though there is no sufficiënt reason why it should not becomc an important article of export, for it is most rcadily grown and is a profitable cultivation. At present the local production of this seed is consumcd in the country in the manufacture of oil, which is much estecmed by natives, both for cooking and burning. The value of this export is about Rs. 7,500. MUSTARD Seed [Brassicajuiicea). —This seed is but little cared for in the island, and though a free grower in the most indifferent soil, has never been a favourite product with the natives. Croton Seed {Croton Tiglium). —The little tree producing these seeds, which afford Croton oil, is not native to Ceylon, but is common cnough in gardens, and called Jayapala. Within the last few years its cultivation has been taken up by a few European planters, and is said to be profitable. KEKUNA Oil (from Aleurites tnoluccand). —This is sometimes called candle nut oil, for the reason that the seeds, when strung upon a thin strip of bamboo and lighted, burn likc a candle. These contain fifty per cent. of the oil, which is expressed by the ordinary native mill, and exported to Europe, wherc it is employed in soap-making, and is found to bc far bcttcr than olive oil for cloth dressing. The kekuna tree thrives up to an altitude of 2,000 feet, but is not a nativc in Ceylon. KOHOMBA, or MARGOSA OIL. —The nim, or margosa tree {Melia Azadirachta, Linn.) grows freely in the light sandy soil of the eastern and northern districts of the island From the fruit is extracted, by boiling or pressure, a fixed acrid bitter oil, dcep yellow, with a strong disagreeable flavour. It is used mcdicinally as an antiseptic and anthelmintic. Mcdical practitioners say thcy have found this oil as efficacious as cod liver oil in cases of consumption and scrofula. The oil is applied externally to foul uleers, and used as a liniment in rheumatic and spasmodic affections, and in headaches from exposure to the sun. By nativc practitioners the oil is much used in suppurating scrofulous glands. Caju, OR Casiiew Nut Oil (from Atiacardiutn occidentale). —This is obtained from the small edible nut produced by an introduced tree,
Raw Products. 61 which thrives in any light soil. The oil thus obtained is of a pale straw colour, swcet and bland, but owing to the large demand for the nuts by natives for food, very little of the oil is made, and scarcely any for export, The nuts are said to yield about forty per cent. of their wcight of oil. Ml Oil. —This yellow and semi-solid oil is expressed from the fruit of a large evergreen tree common to Ceylon and South India— the Bassia longifolia. It is not an oil of commerce, and is rarely seen even in nativc bazaars, but native medical men prescribe it as efficacious in certain cutaneous disorders. The residuurn, or oil-cakc, left after extracting this and the preceding oil is frequently baked and employed aftcrwards for washing the hair, being supposed to possess very clcansing propertics. OIL Cake.—Poonac and gingelly oil cake are exhibited. These oil cakes are the remains of the crushed kernels and seed of the coco nut palm and the gingelly. Thcy are both used as food for cattle, and form an excellent manure when applied to land in a semi decomposed condition. It has been found in Europe that a small portion of coconut poonac mixed with the ordinary food of horses tends to impart a glossy appearancc to the animals' coats, and at the same time promotcs their general health. In this way it has come to be used pretty generally by French military authorities for cavalry horses. The export of the coconut poonac has not much increased of late years, owing to the raw material "copra," from which it is produced, being largcly shipped to European Continental ports. The yearly extent of the export is 36,000 cwts. CEYLON AGRICULTURAL AS SOCIATION—One barrel Coconut Oil. G. & W. LEECHMAN, Colombo.— Trade samples of Coconut Oil; in a collection of coconut palm products separately de scribed under section 13. D. SMITH, Esq., M.P.—King Coconut oil. (Vide section 14). J. F. DRIEBERG, Esq.— King Coco nut Oil; Coconut oil. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON. Kégalla District. — King Coconut, and Coconut oil. CEYLON AGRICULTURAL AS SOCIATION—Poonac, or oil cake, and Copra. G. & W. LEECHMAN, Colombo.— Poonac, or oil cake. (Vide section 13.) GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON, North Central Province.— Gingelly Oil Cake. D. SMITH, Esq., M.P., & MESSRS. G. & W. LEECHMAN.— Both oxhibit Copra and Poonac. HORREKELLY ESTATE CO., Limited. —Trade samples of' Copra from tho estate. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Oils from Northern Province: —Gingelly, I'uniiai, Palai, Illupai, Margosa, Castor. CEYLON AGRICULTURAL AS SOCIATION.—DummaIa, Na, Gingelly, Mi, Domba, Kckuna, Mustard and Caju Oils.
62 Raw Products. R. BOTANIC GARDENS.—OiIs from Central Province: Caju (Anaoardium occi dentale), Aba (Brassioa juitct n ). Kékuna (Alcu rilis triloba), Kohomba (Azadiraehta indien), Endaru (Ricinus communis), Domba (Calo phyllum Tnophyllum), Tala (Setamum indicum), Okuru (Cli.idioii jiiriiuiemn), Kirimakulu (Sa ium indicum), j\li (Bassin longifolin), Afriean oil palm (Fla is guineensis). JAMES WESTLAND, Wihara tenne, Haputale. —Croton Oil Seed, two varieties. R. S. FRASER, Esq., Wariapola.— Palm-oil nuts. Section 2. Essential Oils. [P. and X.] CITRONELLA Oil.—This oil is distilled from the citronclla grass (a cultivated variety of Andropogon Nardus), largcly cultivated in the western and southern districts of Ceylon for this purpose by both Europeans and natives. There are about ten thousand acres of land under this cultivation, but owing to ovcr-production, the sclling price is now so low as to have ceased to be remunerativc, and growers are now abandoning many of their grass fields. From a few thousand ounces a dozen years ago, the export trade, chiefly to England and the United States, has enormously inercased, as may be seen from the following figures, showing the shipments for the last five years :— iSSi Ounces 1,760,677 1882 2,666,912 ISS3 3.335.780 ISB4 . , 4,827,620 1885 5,721,112 The rcsult of this large increase in the supply has been a heavy rcduction in the selling-price of the oil in Ceylon, from three rupees to one rupee for a bottle of 22 ounces. The oil is used chiefly by soap makers, but to some extent also by perfumers in the composition of pomatum and other scented preparations. The process of manu facturing this essential oil differs in no way from that adopted in Europe in the distillation of cinnamon and other oils. Most of the oil now shipped to New Vork goes in bulk packed in iron drawers, wcighing several cwts., and not in bottles. It is, however, still exported to London in glass. The total area under this cultivation is about ten thousand acres. It requires scarccly any cultivation for the first year or two, but after four or five cuttings it needs manuring and digging. It is cut twice a year. During the last four or five years the shipments of this oil have increascd from 1,760,677 ozs. to 5,721,112 ozs.
Raiu Products. 63 LEMON-GRASS Oil is produced by a grass rather coarser than the preceding, called Andropogon citratus, and yielding a less proportion of essential oil. The plant producing it reccives scarcely any cultiva tion, and is mostly in the hands of natives in the Southern Province. It has an odour so similar to that of verbena that it is sometimes called oil of verbena. Likc the citronella oil, it is largely employed in the manufacture of scented soaps as wcll as in pomades and other articles of perfumcry, but chicfly in the manipulation of Eau de-Cologne. It grows very freely in almost any light soil with a good rainfall, but cannot stand long droughts, hence its cultivation has been chicfly confincd to the Southern Province, where as much as a hundred to a hundred and fifty inches of ram fall within the year. The demand for this oil is far less than for the kindred oil of citronella, not more than 8,719 ozs. having been exported last year. The local value of the article put up in glass bottles is about one rupee per 22 ozs. ; its manufacture is entircly in the hands of natives. Oil of Cinnamon (from Cinnamomum zeylanicwn). —Distilled in considerable quantities from the broken quills of cinnamon and the coarser portions of the bark which are incapablc of being worked with the usual quills. This oil is of a pale golden colour, highly aromatic in odour, and of an extremely sweet and delicate taste on the tongue, but is rarely to bc had of fine quality from the circumstance that in its distillation a good deal of coarsc trunk and root bark is mixed with the truc cinnamon pieces. Its uses are various in con fectionery, perfumcry, and medicine. The finest pure oil always commands a high figure, as much as a rupee the ounce, but ordinary oil about one-fourth of that price. The shipments of this oil have been as follows : — iBBi Ounces 41,719 18S2 18,762 1883 76,224 1884 104,185 1885 117,023 The greater portion has gone to the United Kingdom. The leaves of the plant yield a greenish coloured oil, having somewhat the odour of cloves ; it is employed to a large extent in vctcrinary medicines, but its value is not more than two pence the ounce. CEYLON AGRICULTURAL AS- SOCIATION.—One bottle of Cinnamon Oil. J. F. DRIEBERG, Esq.— One bottle of Cinnamon Bark Oil. One bottle of Ciu namon Leaf Oil.
Raw Products. 64 J. DE MEL.— One bottlo of Cinnamon Bark Oil. J. KNIGHT, Esq., Gikiyanakanda. —Three bottles of Citronella (Hl. WINTER & SONS, Baddegama.— Six bottles of Citronella Oil. Six bottles of Molucca Lcmon Grass Oil. E. A. JAYASINHA, Galle. — One bottlo of Citronella Oil. D. SMITH, Esq., M.P., exhibits Cin namon Bark and I.caf Oil in his special exhibit, detailed under Section 13. CEYLON AGRICULTURAL AS SOCIATION.—One bottle of Beli-flower water (from flowers of JEgle Marmclos). Section 3. Resins and Gums. [P.] GAMBOGE. —Excellent gamboge is affordcd by the Gokatu or Kana Goraka tree {Garcitiia Morella). Little has been as yet donc to dcvelop this product commcrcially, but a consignment sentto England three years ago fetched £14 $s. pcrcwt. Hal. —This is a good clear white dammar resin, obtained from a handsome tree peculiar to the island ( Vateria acuminatd). Ratadel. —This gum is an exudation of the bread fruit tree (Artocarpus incisa). The yield is not large, but the gum is clear, and answcrs well for a variety of purposes. Hora. —Gum-rcsin, an exudation from the Hora tree {Diptero carpus zeylanicus), a large tall-growing tree, to be found from sea level up to altitude of 3,000 feet. DOON. —The product of the Doona zeylauica. This gum is colour less and of a resinous nature, and when dissolved in turpentine or spirits, makes an excellent and useful varnish. Neem. —A transparent yellow gum from the Neem, or Margosa tree {Azadirachta indica). It is used by nativc practitioners as a mild stimulant in cases of bowel complaints : the tree itself is believed to keep off attacks of fever. KEKUNA. —A fragrant gum-resin which exudes from the stem of Canarium zeylanicutn. This is used for burning, and is believed to drive away snakes. GROUND RESIN ("Bindummala"). —Is dug up from bencath the surface of the ground, often at some depth. It is no doubt the produce of trees which have long died out, and cannot be with certainty referred to any existing species. ' GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— From North-Ccntral Province:—Kaju, 1) - mala, Vakai, Hik, Velam, Kayappu, Na, Dun, Satinwood, Odai, Margosa, Wood-apple, Kola laccada. From North -Western Proviuee, Hik and Bindummala. Dr. W. C. ONDAATJE.— Resin of Doona eordifolia. Forma an excellent picture varnish.
65 Raiv Products. Section 4 Dyes and Dye Stuffs. [P.] The most valuable dye stuff shippcd to Europe from Ceylon is Orchella weed. This is a lichen {Roceella Montagneï) which grows on the sterns of coconut palms and the lower branches of jungle trees near the coast in the Puttalam, Calpcntyn, and Jaffna districts; the quantity collected is not large, the ycarly export ranging from 800 cwts. to 1,100 cwts., worth in the London market about £36 the ton. It is exported in tightly-pressed bales, and is of comparatively recent discovery as a Ceylon article of commerec. SAPANWOOD. This wood is from the stem, root and branches of a tree {Ccesa/pit/ia Sappau) long ago introduced into Ceylon and growing in most of the maritime districts of the south and west of the island. It is of tolcrably rapid growth in almost any soil. When immature, the wood possesses but little colouring matter. It is freely exported to the United Kingdom ; the following figures showing the shipments during the last five years : — Cwts. 1881 9,756 1882 10,561 1883 ",404 1884 2,413 1885 2,834 A dcclinc in the home value of this dyewood has caused it to be ncglectcd of late years, the tree 110 longer being much cultivatcd, as was formerly the case, generally as a hedge or boundary fencc to native gardens or plantations. Jak Wood. The wood of the Sinhalese kos gaha {Artocarpus integrifolid) dyes an cxtremely useful ycllow, and is employed by the natives for dycing house mats, fibres for omamental purposes, as wcll as for giving to cotton and silk cloth the peculiar pale canary colour which is required for the robes of the Buddhist priesthood. It is not exported. MILILLA WOOD {Vitex altissima) dyes of a paler ycllow than the preceding, but is not in very gcncral use amongst the natives. CIIAVA ROOT {Oldenlandia umbellata). This root is collected in the Northern and Eastern Provinces, and is in general use amongst native dyers for colouring cotton cloths. Used with mordants it has lasting properties. E
Raw Products. 66 MYROBALANS. —The fruits of Terminalia belerica and T. Oiebula both growing pretty freely in the island, and known amongst the Sinhalese as Bitlu and Aralu. The fruit of the latter is more highly estecmed than that of the former. When used with iron salts, it gives a black dyc; applied with turmeric and indigo, it yields a green colour, and with catechu a brown dye. Employed with alum, the nuts give a tolcrably good yellow dye. Myrobalans are exported under the name of gall-nuts to the annual value of Rs. 28,000. ANATTO. This useful and rather delicate orange-red dye is obtained from the pulp surrounding the seeds of the Bixa Orellana. This dye is largcly used in Europe and India in dyeing silks, and also for colouring cheese and other articles. The pulpy matter is separated from the seeds by boiling, and when dried presscd into cakes and shipped. It is imported into England chiefly from French Guiana, where it is native ; but the plant is an ancient introduction to Ceylon and now scmi-wild. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Anatto seeds from Kégalla district. JAMES WESTLAND, Wihara tenne, Haputale. —Anatto. A. G. K. BORRON, Crystal Hill, Matale.—A collection of Anattos, with il lustration. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Orchella Weed from Puttalam District. D. M. D. ROSARIO, Mudliyar.— Orchella Weed from Kalpentyn. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Chaya Root from Jaffna. Section 5. Tanning Substances. [P.] A number of useful tanning barks cxist in the island, most of which are known to but a few villagers, the number employed by Colombo tanners being comparatively few. Many are used almost entirely for tanning sail cloth and ropes and nets for fishing The bark chiefly employed is that of the Ranawara (Cassia auriculata), very common in the dry, sandy parts of Ceylon. The Aralu tree {Terminalia Chebula) yields a bark which forms an admirablc tan. Another species of Terminalia, T. glabra, the Kumbuk of the Sinhalese, is largcly used by native tanners, and imparts the reddish brown colour so peculiar to country-tanned leathcr. The bark of the Kadol, or Mangrove {Rliizophora mucronata) is much in use amongst native tanners, but when tried in Europe it is found somewhat ineffectivc, and is now only employed as a pre-
Raw Products. 67 liminary tan, requiring the aid of Myrobalans. The fruit of the Timbcri {Diospyros Embryopteris) is freely used as a most useful tan for nets, and also for coating the planks of boats to preserve them from the attacks of marine animals. The only process required is to steep the half-ripe fruit in cold water for a few hours, when the preparation may be used. The bark of the Australian "black wattle" {Acacia decurrens) is being shippcd from Ceylon experimentally from trees plantcd six years ago on cstates in the Dimbula coffee districts as boundaries and break-winds. Each tree stripped gave 22 lbs. dried bark. It is a question whether the value of this bark as a tanning substance will enable a price to bc realised sufficiënt to do more than cover railway and steamcr freight. In Australia the cost of carriagc from the interior, where no water transport exists, is so heavy that the .bark is there boiled down to a thick substance in a highly conccntratcd form, which of course reduces the cost of freight on the solid tanning principle. This plan may have to be adopted in Ceylon, as the tree is valuable for fuel in tea factories. D. M. D. ROSARIO, Mudliyar.—Ranawara Bark from Kalpcntyn. Kadol Bark from Kalpentyn. Section 6. Fibres and Ropes. [P. and Walls.] Coir, the product of the coconut palm, is an article of export of considerablc value ; and kitul fibre is also of some importancc. The following are also shown:—Wara (Calotropis giganted) ; Plantain (Dlusa textilis); Niyanda (Sanseviera zeylanica) ; Katali (Polyalthia suberosd) ; Banian (Ficus bengalensis); Velam (Acacia leucophlma) ; Attikka (Ficus glomerata). All of these latter are employed by villagers and others in making ropes and cordage for domestic, agri cultural, or hunting purposes, the fibre of the plantain being the only one which has reccivcd attention with a view to commercial uses, but hitherto without success, in consequence of the price of labour and the amount of manipulation required to fit the fibre for export. The Niyanda is largcly used by natives in the making of fine colourcd mats, whips and ornaments used in temple processions. The fibre of the kitul palm (Caryota urens) is exportcd to the United Kingdom to the value of about Rs. 30,000 annually, and is there used in the F 2
68 Razu Products. manufacture of brooms, brushcs, and some few ornaments. In Ceylon, especially in the Southern Province, it is employed to make baskets, which, ornamented with silver work, find a ready sale on the spot, very few being exported to Europe. The most important of the island fibres is that of the coconut coir, which has for many years past formed a rather large item of export trade in the various forms of prepared fibre, yarn and rope. The following figures show the extent of the export trade in yarn and fibre during the last ten years : — Yarn. Fibre. Cwts. Cwts. Season ended 30th September, 1885 . . 84,057 . . 12,732 1884 . . 85,195 . . 13,672 „ „ 1883 . . 68,896 . . 18,009 1882 . . 65,885 . . 6,199 1881 . . 43,747 • • 6,117 18S0 . . 57,838 . . 5,862 ~ ~ 1879 • • s', 915 • • 9,67ö 1878 . . 55,671 . . 5,347 i 877 • • S 5-590 . . 3,624 1876 . . 48,974 . . 6,769 The yarn gocs to the United Kingdom, the fibre to England and the United States. Coir yarn is largely used in England by matting manufacturcrs, and the fibre for filling mattresses and cushions of all kinds, after undergoing a baking proccss. In Ceylon coir yarn is employed very generally for a great variety of purposes, amongst others for fastening together the planks of dhonies, or native square riggcd vessels, in which nails are seldom employed, by reason of their liability to rust, whereas coir resists the action of salt water with impunity. These preparations of coir fibre are noticed in section 16, under the head of " Products of the Coconut Tree." COIR and JUNGLE Ropes.—Coir rope is the only description exported, and that to a less extent than formcrly. The export to the United Kingdom has practically ceased, but coir ropes are still shipped to the Straits, where they are used on board native trading vessels as cables, hawsers and for running rigging. The manufacture of coir rope is carried on chiefly in the vicinity of Gallc and Colombo, being entirely the produce of hand machinery. The use of jungle ropes, of which a variety are shown, is confined to the rural districts in the forming of fences, housc-building, lashings of rustic bridges, tethering of cattle, &c.; whilst ropes of buffalo h'de and kittul fibre are usually employed in the capture of such wild animals as leopards,
Raw Products. 69 elephants, &c. The following figures show the annual shipments of coir rope:— Cwts. 1885 .... 11,419 1884 .... 11,473 1883 . . . . 11,792 1882 .... 7,179 1881 .... 11,640 G. DE CROOS.—Coconut coir, No. 1 quality. Ditto, No. 2 quality. Ditto, No. :l quality. A. T. FERNAND O.—Coconut fibre and yarn. RAPHAEL PERERA.—Coconut fibre, one packet. Ditto, Yarn, three packets. CLARK, SPENCE & CO. — Trade samples of Coir Yam. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— Specimens of Coir Brooms. D. SMITH, Esq., M.P., and G. & W. LEECHMAN of Colombo, exhibit samples of coir and mauufaotured artiolea made of coir in their respective collections of the products of the coconut palm, vide, sec tionB 13 and 14. Cwts. ISSO .... 7,290 1879 . . . 8,201 1878 .... 7,810 1877 .... 3,641 1876 .... 4,212 RAPHAEL PERERA.—KituI fibre of all qualities. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON, Kégalla district. —Ropes and Brooms made. of I'lanta'n libre, Kahata fibre, Aloë fibre and Coconut F'ibre. Jungle ropes, viz.—Walapatta, Belipatta Midella, Puspatta, Hido rope, Hana rope. North-Ceutral Province.—Liniya fibre, Nawa fibre, hemp, ropes made of creepers, fishing-linea made from Kalawel. Northern Province.—Ropes of Phcenix teyïaniea fibre. North-Western Province. —Six Kitul and other fibre ropes Kégalla.—Samples of Ban seviera fibre. A. PAYNE, Handru Kande, Ku runegala.—Samples of Neyanda and Green Aloë fibres. A. M. WHITE, Esq., Ettapolla, Matale.—Aloë libre. Section 7. Cotton and Silk. [P. and K.] COTTON was formerly grown in the castcrn and northcrn districts for spinning purposes, but the importation of cheap cotton twist from Europe has complctcly destroycd this cultivation. The few exhibits of cotton cloth shown are made in the Saffragani, Galle, and Batticaloa districts. Twenty years ago the cotton cloth industry of Ceylon was one of some importance, and the Batticaloa and Chilaw table lincn was famed for its cheapness and durability, whilst the coloured cottons of the Jaffna district wcre equally noted for their brightness and lasting quality. Supcrscded by cheapcr cloths from Europe, these once famous industries have languished. The dyed cloths of Batticaloa are poor representatives of the former manufacture. Jaffna has sent nothing, and the white cottons of Saffragam and Galle are the only exhibits worthy of notice, and they are well made and durable. Kapok.—Within the last few years the cottony covering of the seeds of the common red-flowcred Katu Imbul tree {Bombax tnala'
Natural Objects. 7 The catseye is highly valued, and fine specimens have realised large sums ; but it is affectcd by the caprice of fashion more than any other stone, not commanding general admiration as do the sapphire and ruby ; the rcsult is that in some years its price is inercased by a demand which in others as suddcnly falls. There are inferior kinds of stones resembling catseyes, such as the quartz catseye and the croci dolite, which is now stained to rcsemble the chrysobcryl; but in no case can they compare with the rcal catseye, which is pcculiar to Ceylon. Although found in several districts, the finest have beeti produced from the gem pits of Moruwa Korle. A very fine specimen of this gem is exhibited, the property of a native Moorman, who values it at In the same district of Moruwa Korle, and almost exclusively there, is found the beautiful gem called alexandrite. This was formerly known only from the northern part of the Russian Empire, and took its name from the Impcrial Family, but the specimens are slightly different from those found in Ceylon. The characteristic of this gem when really fine is its rich vivid green hue by day (much darker than the emerald, and slightly bronzed), which by artificial light is completely changed to a deep red ; this is supposed to be due to its containing a little copper and oxide of lead. Like the catseyes, this gem occasionally commands a high price in the European markets, and is sometimes sought aftcr by Amcricans ; but any activity in the output of alexandrites at once causes the price to fall very seriously ; it is therefore anything but a safe spcculation. Star stones are almost pcculiar to Ceylon. They are frequently known under the name of asteria. They vary in colour, but are generally divided into the ruby or red star stone, and sapphire or blue star stone. By skilful cutting, the natives produce a star of six rays which by sunlight or artificial light is vividly shown ; many fine specimens show the star in ordinary light, but if diffused the light decreases the star by rcflection: a top light is the best to judge them by. Ordinary specimens are of little value, but a fine stone commands a high price. Mooustoues were creditcd toother countries in past ages besides Ceylon, and were known to the ancients, who associatcd the moonlike lustre with the phases of the moon. This stone is found in large numbers in several places, and is not of any considcrable value ; indeed, the large quantities found prevent its commanding a high price. When well cut it revcals a silvcry moonlight lustre more than
Raw Products. 70 baricum) has bccome an article of export, and its value has risen with the ever-incrcasing demand for it, chiefly for export to Australia. Cotton of this dcscription has been fetching in Colombo about cighteen or twenty rupees per cwt. for " cleaned," and there is reason to bclievc that were freight obtainablc to Australia at a moderate rate, a large and profitable business in this article might be carried on. No systcmatic cultivation of it has been as yct tricd. This substance can only bc used for stuffing, having no proporties which allow of spinning. The Malay name "Kapok" is properly applied to the cotton of the whitc-flowered Imbul {Eriodendrou anfractuosum), but has been transferred to the present substance, called " Pulun " by the Sinhalese, by the planters. SILK. The white and yellow cocoons shown are exhibited by Mr. Ross, who first importcd " seed " of the Bombyx Mori from Japan, and endeavoured to rear the worms on his estate in the Matale district, a warm and rather dry locality, about 1,200 feet above sea level. After a number of disappointments, the experiments gave some promise of success, and the silk pioneer, finding that in Matale six crops of silkworms could be rearcd within the year, ie., during the hot months of January, February, March, April, and part of May and August and September, set about planting mulbcrry cuttings along roads and boundaries with the view of taking up the industry. Four millions of eggs were obtained from Japan. They came in ïce, and this killed many of them ; but many thousands hatched and passed through the various stages, but more slowly than the former lot. The latter took thirty days only from the hatching of the eggs till the complction of the various stages, the others took six weeks. The cocoons now exhibited are part of the result of this last attempt, and some of these have been favourably commended and valued both in Marscilles and Lyons. The mulberry cultivated is the common Morus indica, grown throughout Ceylon. On this the worms feed rcadily and thrive. It is grown in hedges and propa gated by cuttings. For feeding the worms men and boys were employed plucking the leaf and bringing it in bags to the store, where it was spread out to dry, if, as often happened, it was wet. The eggs were spread out on boards in a dark place, and over them laid gently young leaflets of the mulberry ; on these the young worms rcadily passed. Both were then placed on trays made about twelve feet long by eightecn inches wide of reapers and ceiling cloth. In these trays each day's hatching was kept separatcly and passed on
Rato Products. 71 from tray to tray, and thus kept thoroughly clean and healthy. At the final stage, the worms wcre lifted by hand and placed upon a heap of twigs laid upon the floor of the house. Herc they spun, and when the proper time was indicated by the rattling of the chrysalis within, the cocoons wcre put to bakc in a hot-air chamber for a short time, at a temperature of 240 0 . The cultivation of the mulberry in the warmer parts of Ceylon, such as Matale valley, at about 1,200 feet altitude abovc sca level, requires no attention beyond the putting down of the cuttings, and keeping them clear of jungle and weeds. The work of sericulture is interesting and light ; it could easily be managed by families of natives, many of whom have the mulberry growing about their homes and gardens, so that, with some induce ment, which thcy always need in the introduction of new industries, there should bc no reason why Ceylon, producing six crops of silk per annum, should not with this " product," as with others, take the lead as to quantity and quality, and so tend to the raising of many natives of these dry districts from a state of indolcnce and want to one of comparative activity and well-being. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON— Ordinary cotton, and tree or pillow cotton from Kégalla district. J. P. WILLIAM BROS.— Peruvian Cotton grown in Ceylon. A. ROSS, Matale.—Tree Cotton. J. WESTLAND, Wiharatenue.— Cotton. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON.— Native made cotton cloths woven in the dis tricts of Walapane, Dumbara, and Ratnapura. A. ROSS, Matale. —Cocoons of silk worms (Bombyx Mori) reared in Matale. Section 8. Mats and Basket Work. [On the Walls, X.] The exhibits of colourcd mats are from the Maldive Islands, a dependency of Ceylon, from Dumbara in the Central Province, and from Kurunegala in the' North-Western Province. Plain mats, usually poor in quality, are made in almost every district of the island, from various kinds of sedges, and are in common use in Native and European households, as well as in drying native coffee and other products; also in the preparation of the common mat or rush bags in such gcncral use throughout the country for storing and carrying gram of all kinds to market. The coloured mats from the Maldives are in every way superior to those made in Ceylon in texture and design, being soft, glossy, and at the same time very durablc ; the colours are somewhat sombre, and are yet in strict harmony with the classical style of the pattern. These mats are
Raw Products. 72 frequently obtainable in Colombo after the arrival of the annual trading flect from the Maldives, at lower rates than in the islands, viz., from Rs. 3 to Rs. 5. The Kuruncgala and Dumbara coloured mats are of a lively bright colour, but poor in design. They are made from the fibre of the Niyanda, or Sanseviera zeylanica, a com mon cnough plant, growing freely up to 1,800 feet abovc sea-level. They are made by the Kinnaruga castc, residing mostly in outlying villages, who resort to this occupation solcly as a help to their ordi nary means as cultivators of the soil, working at home between erop times, and are usually sold for one or two rupees each. Rattan Work.—This is a trade of some importance in Colombo, where a number of workmen, chiefly Malays, are constantly employed. The two principal employers of labour, thcmselvcs Malays, are A. C. Sumps and T. J. Ramlan. Subjoined is a list of their exhibits with the priecs attached. An attractive exhibit under this head is the peculiar basket work from the Kalutara district, in which there is a considerablc trade. These baskets, which are made in sets or nests of twelve each, are woven from the fibre of the leaf of the Indi which is dyed and wovcn into various patterns. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON— Numerous coloured mats from the Dumbara district. Mats, Baskets &e., from the Jaffna district made from the leaves of the Palmyrah Palm. IBRAHIM DIDI, Vizier to the Sul tan of the Maldive Islands. —Mats from the Maldives. (Sec also in Class VIII., sec tion C.) W. FERGUSON, Esq., P.L.S.— Mats made from the rare sedge (Lepironia muero nala) on the southern coast. S. D. G. GUNAWARDENE, Co lombo. —Cuscus Grass Mats. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Small articles of furniture, &c, ornainented with the sterns of the clouded or spotted Bam hoo (Teinostnclajurn umculatum) "Ranabata" of the Sinhalese. mainly proeiircd through tho assistance of' Mr. P. de Saram, Police Slagis trate of AvisaweUa.—lo nests of Kalutara Baskets, at £1 Is. per set of 12. Of the aame material, 8 cigar cases, 6 purses, G betel bags at 26. each.—Silver mounted basket ofMatara work. Price £3 lOs. Ditto £2. Ditto £2. A. C. SUMPS, Colombo.— Rattan-work. Tables, oblong and round, flower-stands, lettcr-trays, baskets, liquor-stanils, walkicg sticks. Also cuscus-grass fans. (For sak.) T. J. RAMLAN, Colombo.—Rattoji work. Tables, cbairs, flower-stands, card trays, tea-poys. (For sale.')
Razu Products. 73 Section 9. Timbers and Cabinet Woods. [V, Z, and P.] With the cxccption of some cxtcnsivc sandy tracts near the coast in the dry districts and the grassy downs called " patanas " in the hills, the whole of Ceylon to the summits of the highest mountains was originally covered with dense forest. This has, however, long ceascd to be a characteristic of the country. In the thickly populatcd districts of the south-wcst of the island, with its abundant rainfall, there is now but very little primary or virgin forest remaining ; its destruction has been principally due to the practice for centuries of the indolent practice of " chena" cultivation, in which the growth of ages is sacrificcd to one or two crops of dry gram. In the hills the agent of destruction has been European enterprise, hundreds of square miles having been completcly clcared in opening coffee and cinchona estates ; between 3,000 and 5,000 feet there is now no forest save small isolatcd patehes ; above 5,000 feet land is no longer sold. The vast proportion, however, of the dry districts of Ceylon, which is sparsely populatcd, and comprises nearly four-fifths of the area of the island, is still a forest country, but the trees are for the most part small, and in only a few places are these forests of much value. It is however from them that the few timbers of commercial importance are chiefly obtained. These are ebony, satinwood, halmilla, wewarane, palu, milla, and a few others of less importance, the principal ports of export being Trincomalec and Batticaloa. Teak is not a native of Ceylon, but grows commonly plantcd in the south-west parts of the island. The Colony does not as yet possess any organised Forest Department, but a Forest Act has been recently passed. The cabinet woods of Ceylon, if not very numcrous, are of sufficiently good quality to merit attention. The most attractive of these, calamandcr, " Kalu-médiriya " of the Sinhalese, is unfortunately extremely scarce, being of slow growth, and the forests in the south of Ceylon where it grows, being now denudcd of all trees capable of being converted into furniture. Tamarind, especially the root, is a very beautiful wood for cabinet purposes, and " Kadumberiya" is but little inferior to calamandcr. Satinwood trees are common enough in
Razv Products. 74 the northern, eastern, and north-western forests, but the proportion of these which yield " flowered satinwood" is very small, and this description of wood is therefore comparatively high in price. DIRECTOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. —A series of hand specimens of the principal Woods of Ceylon, botanieally determined and nanied. This collection is a portion only of a very large series brought together in Ceylon. The rough logs from which they were cut were col lected in various parts of Ceylon, principally by the Forcsters attached to tho Government Agencics, and were sent iv under their native uames (Tamil or Sinhalese, according to the district). These names havo always been preserved with the specimens, though they are often vaguely applied. Great pains has therefore been taken to aseertain with aocuracy tho actual species to which each belongs. In cases where dried specimens of the leaves, &c, could be obtained, the correct botanical Iden tification was not often difficult, but a largo number of the woods were not accompi by such specimens, and of these many reinain as yet undetermined. As unnamed specimens can be of but little interest or value, they are not exhibited here. As the object aimcd at in this series was to exhibit generally the woods of tbc island. many of the Inferior kinds, only used for domestie purposes by the natives. are ineluded, aa well as the more important timbers and raro or little known woods. Tlie blocks are of varying diameters, being lengths of about 15 inches of whole sterns, with the bark left on, cut so as to show besides a fransverse section, also vertical and tangential ones, and to afford a sloping surfaco on which the names both botanical and native are painted. In tho following Cataloguc the letters (with uumbers) in brackets refer to tho province or district of Ceylon whence the specimen was obtained. E. = Eastern; W. = Western; O = Central; N. C. = North Central : and N. = Northern, Provinces; nnd Hg. refera to the neighbourhood of Hakgala (mountains of Central Province), and Uu. to Heneratgoda (Western Province.) These numbers are ttainped on the under surface of the speci mens. The native names on tlie specimens from the E. and N. Provinces are Tamil; on tbc rest, Sinhalese. Names marked with an asterisk are not truly native to Ceylon. Names printed in italics are those of reserved trees under tho Forcst. Act. Tho limits of spaco does not unfortunaiely adniit of any details as to proporties and uses. 1. Acronychia laurifolia. Ankenda (W. 83.) 2. Actinodaphne speciosa. (Hg. 47.) 3. Adenanthera pavouina. Madatiya, S. Manchadi, T. (E. 88.) 4. Adina cordifolia. Kolon. (N.C. 49.) 5. üiirlo Marmelos.* Beli, 5. Vilva-patri. 7. (N. 55.) 6. Aglaia Roxburghiana. Kanna-komlm. (E. 78.) 7. Agrostistachys indica. (C. 100.) 8. Ailantus malabarica. (Hn. 2.) 9. Alangium Lamarckii. Kal-anninchil (X. 57). 10. Albizzia amara. Uyil. (N. 14.) 11. Albizzia odoratissima. Suriva-mara, Hurihi. (W. 86.) 12. Albizzia stipulata. Kabal mara. (C. 51.) 13. Alljeanthus zcylanicus. Allandu. (C. OG.) 14. Allophylus zcylanicus. (C. 74.) 15. Alstonia scholaris. Ruk-attana, S Enimpalai, T. (E. 34.) lii. Anisopbvllea zeylanica. Wclipcnna. (W. 14.) 17. Antiaris innoxia. Riti. (C. 5G.) is. Aporosa latifolia. Maput-Kcbella. (('. 13.) 19. Aporosa Lindlevana. Barawa-embilla. (C. 21.) 20. Artabotrys zcylanicus. Yakada-wcl, (Hn. 12.) 21. Artocarpus integrifolia* Kos. (W. 29.) Jack. 22. Artoearput nobüis. Del. (C. 32.) 23. Atalantiti Missionis. Pamburu, S. Kurundu, T. (E. 69.) 24. Atalantia monnphylla, Perurn Kurundu (N. 99.) 25. Azadiracta indica. Kohomba, S. Vem pu, T. (E. 40.) 2G. Barringtonia acutangula. Ela-midella, 8. Adampu, T. (N. 109.) 27. Bassin fui va. Wana-mi. (W. 103.) 28. Bassin longifolin. Mi. S. Illupai T. (E. 4.) 29. Bassia neriifolia. Gan-mi. (C. 71.) 30. Bauhiuia racemosa. Atti. (E. 50). 31. Bauhiuia tomentosa. Petan, 8. Tiru vatti, T. (E. 18.) 32. Berrya Ammonilla. Hal-milla, 5. Kata manakku, T. (E. 73). Trincomalec Wood. 33. Bridelia Moonii. Pat-Kaïn. (W. 52.) 34. Bridelia retusa. Keta-Kala. (C. 10.) 35. Butea frondosa. I'arasu. (N. 41.) 36. Callicarpa lanata. lila. (C. 15.) :!7. ('alopbvllum bractcatum. Walu-Kina. (W. 08.)
Raw Products. 75 38. Calophyllum Burmauui. Surrcpunnai. (E. 43). 89. Calophyllum Inophyllum. Domba, S. Thommakottai, T. (E. 17.) 40. Calophyllum tomentosum. Guru-kina. (C. 75.) 41. Calophyllum trapezifolimn. (C. 97.) 12. Oahphyllum Walkeri. Kina. (Hg. 690 43. Campnosperma zeylanieum. Aridda. (W. 21.) 44. Canarium zeylanieum. Kékuna, S. Pakkilipal, T. (E. 52.) 44a. Canthium didymum. Panu-karawu. (C. 72.) 45. Canthium montanum. (lig. G 5.) 46. Canthium parviflorum. Karai. (E. 62.) 47. Carallia iniegerrima. Dawata. (W. 13.) 48. Careya arbórea. Kahata. (W. 67.) Patana Oak. 49. Casearia esculcnta. Wal-waraka, 8. Kakka pulai, T. (E. 47.) 50. Cassia Fistula. Ehela, ,S. Tirukkondel, T. (E. 81.) 51. Cassia marginata. Ratu-wa, 8. Vakai, T. (E. 64.) 52. Cassia siamea. Wa. (C. 64.) 53. Celtis cinnamomea. (iurenda. (('. öê.) 54. Celtis Wightii. Meditella. (O. 45.) 55. Cheetocarpus castanocarpus. Hedoka. (W. 42.) SG. Chiclcrassia tabutarit. Kulankik, 8. Kal-otthi, T. (E. 1.) 57. Chloroxylon Swietenia. Buruta, S. Mutirai, T. (N. 2.) Satinwood. 58. Chrysophyllum Roxburghii. Lawulu. (Hn. 20.) 59. Cinnamomura litse.-efolium. (Hg. 42.) 60. Oinnamomum zeylanieum. Kurundu. (W. 105). Cinnamon. 61. Cipadessa fruticosa. Hal-bembiya. (C. 62.) 62. Cleidion javanicum. Okuru. (C. 57.) <;:;. ('leistant'hua pallidus. Visa. (E. 20.) 64. Cordia Mvxa. Lolu, S. Naravilli, T. (E. 59.) 65. Crataiva Roxburghii. Lunu-warana, S. Mavalingu, T. (E. Tö). 66. Croton oblongifolium. Milla-kunari. (E. 6.) 67. Cullcnia excelsa. Katuboda. (W. 11.) 68. Cyathocalyx zcylanicus. Ipetta. (W 77). 69. Cynometra raniiflora. Galmendora, S. Attu-katupulli, T. (E. '.»:;.) 70. Dalbergia frondosa. [ Vel. -urruva. (N. 59.) 71. Dialium ovoideum. Gal-sivamhala, & Katapulli, T. (E. 2.) 72. Dichopsis grandis. Kiri-heinbiliya. (W. 73.) 73. Dichrostachys cinerea. Andara, S. Veduthal, T. (N. 45.) 74. DiUenia retusa. Godapara. (W. 3.) 75. Dimorphocalyx glabellus. Taiulukki. (E. 36.) 76. Diospyros crumenata. Chemel-panichai. (E. 30.) 77. Diospyros Ebenum. Kaluwara, S. Karunkali, T. (N. 3, NC. 78.) Ebony. 78. Diospyros Embryopteris. Timbiri, 8. Panichai, T. (E. 29.) 79. Diospyros insignis. Poruwa - mara. (W. 26J 80. Diospyros montana. Vellai-kurunkali. (N. 38.) 81. Diospyros oocarpa. Ycllai-karunkali. (E. 2;',.) 82. Diospyros ovalifoUa. Vedu-kunari. (E. 22.) 83. Diospyros qumsitoh Kalu - me'diriya. (W. lis.) Calamander. 84. Diospyros Thwaitcsii. Ho-me'diriya. (W. 88.) 85. Diplospora Dalzcllii. Vella. (E. 19.) 86. Dipterocarpus zeylanicus. Hora. (W. 87. Dodonasa viscosa. Varal. (Hg. 89.) 88. Doona cordifolia. Beraliya. (W. 104.) 89. Doona trapezifolia. Yakahalu. (C. 70.) 90. Elasocarpus glandulif'er. (Hg. 43.) 91. Erythrospermnn phytolaccoides. (Hn. 29.) 91a. Eugenia aquea. Wal-jambu. (C. 99.) 92. Eugenia assimilis. (C. 85.) 93. Eugenia braeteata. Pandi-kayan. (E. 12.) 94. Eugenia caryophyllasa. (Hg. 60.) 95. Eugenia Gardneri. Dambu, S. Nir naval, T. (E. 9.) 96. Eugenia Jdmbolana. Maha-dan, S. Naval, T. (E. 51.) 97. Eugenia lissophvlla. Maha-kurétiya. (W. 76.) 98. Eugenia olivifolia. (C. 95.) 99. Eugenia opcreulata. Bata domba. (W. 7.) 100. Eugenia rotundifolia. (Hg. 50.) 101. Euodia Itoxburghiana. Lunu - au kenda. (C. 42.) 102. Euonymus Walkeri. (C. 49.) 103. Euryajaponica. Neya-dasse. (Hg. 85.) 104. Ficus laecifera. Kos-gona. (W. 40.) 105. Ficus religiosa. 80. S. Arasu, T. (N. 114.) 106. Ficus Tsiela. Kal-itti. (N. 36.) 107. Filieium decipiens. Pehimbiya. (W. 50.) 108. Flaeourtia Bamontchi. Uguressa, S. Kutukali, T. (E. 63.) 109. Flaeourtia sepiaria. Mul-anninchil. (N. 56.) 110. Garcinia Cambogia. Goraka. (W. 12.) 111. Garcinia spicata. Ela-gokatu, S Kokottai, T. (E. 42.) 112. Garcinia terpnophylla. Kokatiya. (W. 95.) 113. Gardenia latifolia. Galis. (W. 55.)
76 Raw Products. 114. Gelonium lnnccolatum. Tot pattai. (E. 49.) 115. Gironniera reticulata. Wal-munamal. (C. 33.) 116. Gleneia zcylanica. Wal-mora, S. Kuma, T. (E. 46.) 117. Clycosmis pentaphylla. Dodan-pana. (W. 74.) 118. Gmelina arborea. Et-demata. (C. 9.) 119. Gmelina asiatica. Demata, 8. Kumil, T. (E. 86.) 120. Grewia polvgama. (N.C. 22.) 121. Grewia tilisefolia. Daminiya, (W. 91.) 122. Gyriuops Walla. Walla." (C. 69.) 123. Gyrocarpus Jacquini. Tanakku. (E. 60.) 121. Harpullia cnpanioides. Pundalu. (C. 61.) 125. Hemicyclia Gardneri. Gal-wira. (N. C. 93.) 126. Hemicyclia sepiaria. Wira, S. Yirai T. (E. 45.) 127. Heritiera littoralis. Etuna, S., Cho mnntiri, 7. (E. 85.) 128. Holarrhena mitis. Kiriwalla, Kiri mawara. (W. 21, W. 98.) 129. Holoptelea integrifolia. Goda-Kirilla, S., Ayil T. (E. 70, N. 92.) 130. Homulium zeylanieum. Liyan. (W r . 82.) 131. Hydnocarpus alpina. Atta-sankulai. (E. 25.) 132 Hydnocaipus venenata. Makulu. (W. 65.) 133. Ilex Wightiana. Andun-wcnna. (W. 75.) 134. Ixora parviflora. iMaha-ratambala, S. Pankirai, T. CS. 82.) 135. Ixora Thwaitesii. Goda-ratmal, (N.C. 33.) 136. Kokoona zcylanica. Wana-potu. (C. 78.) 137. Kurrimin teyïaniea. Uru-honda, F]t heraliya. (W. 106 ;W. 40.) 138. Lagerstrmmia Flos-Reginx. Muruta. C. 63.) 139. Leea sambucina. Burulla. (C. 73.) 140. Ligustrum Walker! Bora. (Hg. 81.) 141. Limonia ulata. Miladi-Kurundu. (E. 38.) 142. Litsea fusoata. (C. 94.) 143. Lilsea sebifera. 80-mi. (C. 68.) 144. Litsea tomentosa. Landittan. (C. 47.) 145. Litsea zeylanica. Kudu-dawulu. (W. 31.) 146. Maba buxifolia. Tuvarai. (E. 77.) 147. Macaranga digyna. Gal-ota. (W. 9.) 148. Macaranga indica. (C. 93.) 149. Mallotus albus. Bu-Kenda. (C. 54.) 150. Mallotus philippinensis. Hampirilla. (Hn. 19.) 151. Mallotus zcylanicus. Marithinni. (N. 78.) 151 a. Mangifera zeylanica. Etamba. (C. 34.) Wild Mango. 152. Mastixia tetrandra. Duju-taliya. (W. 39.) 158. Melia dubia. Lunu-midclla. (C. 31.) 154. Meliosma Arnottiana. (lig. 54.) 155. Memecylon cnpitilluium. Dodan-kaha. (W. 25.) 156. Memecylon parvifolium. Weli-kaha. (Hg. 44; C. 101.) 157. Memecylon roatratum. llin-kuretiya. (W. 45.) 158. Memecylon umbellatum. Kora-kaha, S. Pandi-Kayan, T. (E. 8; N. 34.) 159. Memecylon sp. Venkali-kuyan. (E. 35.) 160. Mesna ferrea. Na.fi. NakaT 7 . (W. 63; N. 103.) Truc Iron Wood of Ceylon. 161. Meaua Thwaitesii. Diya-na. (W. 81.) 162. Miohelia nilagirica. Wal-Bapu. (Hg. 26.) 163. Mimusopt Elengi. Munamal, S. Ma kulai, T. (E. 5.) L 64. Mimutops hexandra. Palu, <S. Palai, T. (N.1.) 165. Mischodon zeylanicus. Tammana. (N.C. 15.) 166. Morinda citrifolia. Ahu 5. Manju venua 7. (E. 54.) 167. Murrayaexotica. Etteriya. (N.C. 69.) 168. Murraya Kcenigii. Karapincha. (N.C. 115.) 169. Myristica norsfieldia. Ruk. (C. 38.) 170. Myristica laurifolia. Malaboda, 8. Pal-mauiku, 2. (E. 11.) 171. Myrsino capitcllata. (C. 82.) 172. Ncphelium Gardneri. Nurai. (N. 68.) 173. Nephelium Longana. Mora, cï. Nurai, T. (E. 27.) 174. Nothopegia Colebrookiana. Bala. (C. 55.) 175. Odina Woodier. Hik. (N.C. 41.) 176. Pcltophorum ferrugiucum. Iva-vakai. (E. 39.) 177. Persea semcearpifolia. Wéwarane. (N.C. 2.) 178. Phvllanthus cyanospermus. Kulu niyan. (W. 48.) 179. PhyUanÓatt indien*. Karawu. (N.C. 73.) 180. Phyllanthus polyphyllus. Nelli. (N. 97.) 181. Phyllanthus pyenocarpus. (Hg. 76.) 182. Pityranthe verrucosa. Dikwenna, S, VitpanaLT. (E. 21.) 183. Pleurostylia Wightii. Siru-piyari. (E. 16.) 184. Polyalthia longifolia. Nara-Ulupai. (ES. ö7.) Dry country. 185. Pometia exiinia. Gal-mora. (C. 37.) 186. Pongamia glabra. Magul-Karanda. (W. 4.) IS7. Prcmna serralifolia. Midi, 8. Erume mullai, T. (E. 67.)
Raiv Products. 77 188. Premna tomentosa. Bu-seru. (N.C. 1 ) Thari, T. (N. 66.) 189. Psidium Guvava* Pera, S. (Hg. 82.) (iuava. 190. Psychotria Thwaitesii. (Hg. 61.) 191. Pttrospermnm subirifolium. Vclanga. X. Vinanku, 7. (E. 13.) 192. Putranjiva Roxburghii. Vitehurunai. (E. 66.) 193. Pygeum zeylanieum. Golu - mora. (C. 43.) 191. Salacia reticulata. Himbutu-wel. (N. C. 129.) 195. Salvadora porsica. Uvai. (N. 121.) 196. Samadera indica. Samadara. (W. 61.) 197. Sapindus cmargiuatus. Nai-Kottan. (E. 58.) 198. Sapium indicum. Kiri-makulu. (C. 44.) 199. Sareocephalus cordulus. Bakmi. (W. 34.) 200. Sarcococca pruniforniis. (lig. 91). 201. Schleichera trijuga. Kon, 8. Kulu, T. (E. 74.) Coylon Oak. 202. Semecarpus Gardneri. Badulla. (C. G 5.) 203. Semecarpus nigro-viridis. Badulla. (W. 85.) 204. Sideroxylon tomentosum. Mul-mukil. (N. 77.) 205. Sonncratia acida. Kirilla, 8. Kinnai, T. (E. 100.) 205. Stephegvne parvifolia. Helamba, S. Chelembe, T. "(E. 41.) 20G. Stercnlia fcetida. Telambu, S. Kalu thaingai, ï'. (E. 31.) 207. Stercnspermum chelonoides. Sunu madala. .s. Vit-patri, T. (E. 24.) 208. Streblus asper. Pirasu. (N.C. 19.) 209. Strombosia zeylanica. (C. 40.) 210. Stryehnos Nux-vomica. Goda-kaduru, S. Kanchurai, T. (E. 44.) 211. Stryehnos potatorum. Ingini, S. Tetta, T. (N.C. 28. E. 89.) 212. Symplocos braetealis. (Hg. 51.) 213. Symplocos lartu. (Hg. 72.) .214. Symplocos obtusa. Labu. (Hg. 48.) 215. Taborna;montana diehotoma. Divi kaduru (C. 67). 216. Tamarindus indica.* Siyambala, S. (W. 107). 217. Tectona grandis* Tekka. (W. 49). Teak. 218. Stryehnos micrantha. Eta-kirindiwel. (Hn. 14.) 219. Terminalia belerica. Bulu. (C. 26). 220. Terminalia Calappa.* Kottamba. (W. 79). 221. Terminalia gloibra. Kumbuk, S. Maruta, T. (E. 20). 222. Terminalia parviflora. Han-palanda. (W. 30). 223. Tetrameles nudiflora. Nigunu (E. 57). 224. Thespesia populnea. Suriya. (W r . 100). 225. Triehadenia zeylanica. Titta. (C. 81). 22G. vaccinium Leschenaultii. Boralu (Hg. 88). 227. Vateria acuminata. Hal. (C. 77). 228. Vatica obscura. Tumpalai. (E. 28). 229. Vatica Roxburghiana. Mendora. (W. 61). 230. Vitex altissimn. Milla. (C. 52). 281. Vitex Leucoxylon. Nebedda, 8. Min achi, T. (E. 56). 232. Walsura Piscidia. Kiri-Kon, 8. Sadda-veppu, T. (E. 15). 233. Wendlandia Notoniana. Bawan-idala. (O. 5). 234. Wormia triquetra. Diyapara. (W. 16). 235. Wrigbtia angustifolia. Vitpalai. (N. 105). 286. Wrigbtia tomentosa. Palmadankai. (E. 08). 237. Ximenia americana. Siru-illanthai. (E. 72). 238. Xylopia parviflora. Atu-Ke'tiva. (W. 33). 239. Zizyphus Jujuba. Maha-debara. (N.C. 129). 240. Zizyphus Günoplia. Hin-eraminiya, S. Per-illanthai, 2. (E. 71). GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— I'lanks of tbc following useful or ornumental Timbers—Tamarind, Jak, Satinwood, Ebony, Nedun (Pericopsit mooniana), Pamburu, Suriya, Sapu, (Michelia eluunpaca), Wa, Suriyamara, Calamander, Gal-siyambala, and Kitul (Caryota urens) (used as a panolling to the wal! of the Court). —Sections (discs) of Palu, Kumbuk, Satinwood, Del, Hora, Mora, Mango, Pehimbiya, Ayil, Vel-velam (Acacia leucophlcea), &c—Pieccs of sterns of Coconut, Indi (Phcenix z, i/lanica), &c.—Four Palmyrah Palm sterns (Borassus flabtiliforinis) from Jaffna, two of them decortieated and polished. The capitals are carved from Palmyrah wood by nativea. — Forty specimens of Ceylon timbers turncd into balls and fiuials. CAPTAIN M. W. SKINNER, R.E. —A collection of 100 small specimens of Ceylon Woods in a Coconut Wood Cabinet. DON HENRIC LOKUDEREN DANA, Galle.—A box of small samples of Ceylon Woods.
78 Raw Products. Section 10. Tobacco and Cigars. [P.] The cigars from Dumbara Vallcy near Kandy, in the Central Province, at an elevation of about 1,300 feet, are manufactured by Mr. Ingleton, who carries on a rathcr extensive trade in them, but almost cntircly for local consumption. In the Jaffna, Manaar and Mullaittivu districts of the Northern Province, tobacco is extensively cultivated by the native villagers, who display great aptitudc in the industry, and are untiring in their care of the plant, which during long periods of dry weathcr requires an abundant supply of water. The plants are irrigated by means of bamboos and small water channels, and manure is also freely supplied, though the abundancc of lime in the soil acts as a liberal fertiliscr. The tobacco of Jaffna is chiefly exported to the Indian coasts, where it finds a ready market for the manufacturc of cigars. The tobacco industry is indeed the mam support of the population. The price of tobacco ranges from Rs. 15 to Rs. 30 per thousand leaves, and of Jaffna chcroots form Rs. 2 to Rs. 10 per thousand. Tobacco is also grown in the Chilaw and Negombo districts of very fair quality ; the leaf being taken to the Colombo market for sale, where it is highly esteemed, but usually the curing of the leaves is defective, added to which native cultivators are too often in the habit of allowing the leaves to become old and coarse before gathering, with the view of increasing the weight, by which mcans its flavour is much deteriorated. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Pareels of tobacco, dried leaves of various sorts for cigar-making and chewing, grown at Jaffna and Manaar in the Northern Province. Cigars of six sorts for native smoking. PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION OF CEYLON. J. K. INGLETON, Dumbara.—To bacco. J.K INGLETON, Dumbara —Cigars, 12 varieties. Section ii. India-rubber. [P.] Many exotic plants aflbrding India-rubbcr have been introduced into Ceylon. The most important ones affording the Para (Hevea brasiliensis), Panama (Castilloa elasticd), and Ccara (Manihot Glaziovii) varieties were introduced in 1876. All thrive well, and the latter has
Raw Products. 79 been rather largcly planted. The industry has not as yet however been found to be profitablc to European planters, and the natives have not taken it up. J. K. INGLETON, Esq., Rajawella Coffee Estate Co., Dumbara.—Ceara Rubber. R. S. FRASER, Esq., Kandanuwara, | Matale.—Ceara Rubber and Seeds. Section 12. Special Exhibit.—Products of the Coconut Palm. By MESSRS. G. & W. LEECHMAN of Colombo. [X.] In othcr sections of this class have been noticed the oil, the yarn and the poonac rcsulting from the manipulation of the dried kernel of the coconut, a fruit which has of late years becomc familiar to most dwellers in British towns. Under the present head will be found details connected with the many miscellaneous uses to which not only the fruit but the leaves, the midribs, the wood, and, in short, every portion of this truly national tree is put by the dwellers in the maritime districts of Ceylon. So universal is the adaption of this tree to the many wants of the tropical resident that it may be said that a Sinhalese possessed of but a few coconut palms need care for little else. How multifarious are its uses is truly describcd in the follow ing passage : —When the Sinhalese villager has fclled one of these trees after it has ceased bearing (say in its scventieth year) with its trunk he builds his hut and his bullock stall, which he thatches with its leaves. His house bars are slips of the bark. by which he also suspends the small shelf which holds his stock of home-made utensils and vessels. He forms his little plot of chillies, tobacco, and fine gram with the leaf stalks. His infant is swung to sleep in a rude net of coir string made from the husk of the fruit; his meal of rice and scrapcd coconut is boiled over a fire of coconut shells and husks, and is eaten off a dish formed of the plaitcd green leaves of the tree, with a spoon cut out of the nut-shell. When he goes a fishing by torch light, his net is of coconut fibre, the torch or chule is a bundie of dried coconut leaves and flowcr stalks; his little canoe is a trunk of the coco palm tree, hollowcd by his own hands; he carries home his net and his string of fish on a yoke or pingo, formed of a coconut stalk. When he is thirsty, he drinks the fresh juice of the young nut; when he is hungry he eats its soft kernel. If he have a mmd to be merry, he sips a glass of arrack, distilled from the fermented juice of the palm, and dances to the music of rude coco-
8 Natural Objects. a ray in the centre of the stone, shifting as it is moved. As it is a very beautiful stone, it is a pity the prejudice of the trade should prevent its introduction to the cheaper forms of jewellery, as it is in much bcttcr taste than many of the common gaudy stones used for such ornaments, and could be supplied at less price. Chrysoberyl, chrysolitcs, topazes, garnets, &c, are all found asso ciated in the same soil as the more valuable gems, and have hundreds of varieties both in colour and general appearance. The more dcfinitc kinds of each of these are easily rccognisable, but the numerous gradations of tints makes some of these stones difficult to classify, so that dealers with limited knowledgc often misapply the names. In many cases the only truc test is by the different hardnesses and the specifie gravities. Ordinary specimens of these stones are not valuable, but anything very fine commands a fancy price. A number of fine garnets are to be seen hanging in folds round the golden shrine of the Tooth relic at the Dalada Maligawa, Kandy, the sovereigns of Ceylon having held them in much esteem. Garnets of extremcly small size but of considcrable brilliancy may be seen thickly set in the face of the blocks of gneiss standing in the jungles of the Southern and Eastern Provinces, giving forth brilliant rays in the noonday sun ; these are, however, too small to have any value. The cinnamon stone is commonly found in the island and often of some size, but it is not much valued. The very beautiful stone known as zircon is classified under many names, according to slight variations of colour, or the imagination of the dealer who introduces it to the market. Tested in the wheel of the lapidary, the zircon is very frequently designatcd jargoon and hyacinth. Its colour as usually recognised is of a bright red with a yellowish tint, showing in fine specimens a burning fire which the ancients were wont to credit with supcrnatural power. Many other qualities it was supposed to possess ; amongst others the power of com posing the wcarer to sleep and protecting him from unscen cnemies. Another kind of zircon bears a totally different appearance, being almost colourless, and this particular variety is frequently called jargoon by the native experts. It is a whitish crystal with a smoky hue, and has the appearance of an inferior diamond, indeed, it is sometimes dignified with the name of Ceylon or Matara diamond. The truc zircon with its rich fiery colour is very rare, and consequently veiy valuable. From its peculiarity in structure and influence undcr heat, it is specially treated in cutting and polishing by the lapidary, a copper plate being used with powdered rotten stone. Unfortunately
80 Raw Products. nut castancts ; if he bc weary, he quaffs " toddy," or the unfcrmented juice, and he flavours his curry with vinegar made from this toddy ; should he be sick, his body will bc rubbcd with coconut oil ; he swcetens his coffee with jaggery or coconut sugar, and softens it with coconut milk ; it is sippcd by the light of a lamp constructed from a coconut shell and fed by coconut oil. His doors, his windows, his shelves, his chairs, the water gutter under the eaves, all are made from the 'wood of this tree. His spoons, his forks, his basins, his mugs, his salt-cellars, his jars, his child's money box, are all constructed from the shell of the nut. Over his couch when bom, and over his grave when buried, a branch of coconut blossoms is hung to charm away cvil spirits. 4! Ordinary Coconuts with husk. 10 King Coconuts with husk. 12 Maldive Coconuts with husk. 8 Swect Coconuts with husk. 8 Medicinal King Coconuts. 12 Husked Maldive Coconuts. 2 Dwarf Coconuts. White Ceylon Coconut Oil. Good Merchantable Ceylon Coconut Oil. Arrack. Vinegar. Jaggery, or Crude Sugar. 3 Coconuts with husk, shell aud kernel cipped aud dried.) 14 lbs. Coconut Bristlo Fibre. Coconut Coir Rug, coloured border. Coconut Coir Rug, plain. Coir Yarn, very fine. Coir Yarn, extra fine. Coir Yarn, No. 1. Coir Yarn, No. 2. 3 Cakes of Coconut Poonac. Ekel Fish Trap. 10 Dried Coconut Kernels or Copporah. '2 Omamental Coconut Shells. 11 lbs. Mattrcss Fibre. 4 Coils Coir Rope. Coir Bag for Copperah. Coir Bag for Goals. Twilled Coir Matting, plain. Twilled Coir Matting, coloured. Twilled Coir Matting. 4 Coconut boards. i'laited Coconut leaves, or Cadjans, for that eb of native hut. Coconut Fibre Brooms, with coconut handle, for cleaning roofs. Coconut Ekel Brooms without handle. Coconut Ekel Brooms with coconut handle. Coconut Leaf Broom. Coconut Flower Stalk Torehes, or " Chules." 2 Coconut Leaf Torehes, or "Chules." Coconut Leaf Mals. Coconut Wood Huskers. Coconut Flower Stalks. Coconut Straiuer made from the fibre of coconut stalk. ('nconut Fibro Brusbcs for white-washing. Coconut Fibre Duster. Coconut Shell Scoops with coconut handles. Coconut Shell Ladles. Coconut Shell Tunnels. t 'eeiinut Fibre Broom. Hulf-Combed Coconut Husks.' Brushes for Stencil Platea. i 'onnut Shells. Coconut Coir Bag for feeding horses. Coconut Coir Serubber for horses. 1 loconut Wood Walking Stick, nut Leaf Baga, Coconut Rafters for roofing buts.
Raw Products. 81 Section 13. Special Exhibit. [N.] Products of a Low-Country Estate. Exhibited by DAVID SMITH, Esq., M.P. Mr. Smith, who was for many years resident on his Kadirani estate near Ncgombo in the low country, sends a special exhibit of the products grown on that well-known cinnamon and coconut estate similar to the exhibits which have been rcpcatcdly sucecssful at previous Exhibitions from 1862 onvvards. 1 bale Cinnamon, Superior. 1 bale Cinnamon, Superior No. 1. 1 bale Cinnamon, No. 1. 1 bale Cinnamon, No. 2. 1 bale Cinnamon, No. 3. 1 bale Cinnamon, No. 4. 1 bale Cinnamon Chips. 1 bag Cinnamon Chips. 1 bag Cinnamon Clippings. 1 bundie peeled Cinnamon Sticks. 2 small pareels raw Cinnamon Bark. 1 small parcel Twigs aud Leaves. 1 Cattie for cutting sticks. 3 Peeling Knives (1 iron, 1 brass, 1 copper). 1 Knil'e for scraping cinnamon. 1 Tripod and Stick, used in scraping bark. 1 Board, Measuring Stick aud Lift, used in piping. 1 Grooved Measurer for cutting quills equal lengths. 1 Rubber, used for loosening bark when not peeling welL 1 Knife, used in the grooves. J bottle Cinnamon, leaf oil. 2 bottles Cinnamon Oil. 1 bottle King Coconut Oil. 1 bottle Ordinary Coconut Oil. 1 bottle Cooonut-pahn Arrack. 1 bottle Coconut-palm Vinegar. 1 slab of Coconut-palm Wood, to show gram. 4 Coconut Wood Walking Sticks. 2 Spathes, ordinary coconut. 6 Coconut Shell Ladles. 4 Spoons made from Coconut Shells and Coconut Wood. 1 Fork made from Coconut Shells and Coco nut Wood. 2 Coconut Ekel Brooms, used for swecping up leaves, Sas., in gardens. 1 Coconut Ekel Broom, used for sweeping floors. 2 Coconut Cigar Trays. 2 Coconut Coir Brooms. 1 Coconut Coir White-washing Brush. 4 Coconut Cadjan Tats. 1 pair Coconut Cadjans, used for thutching houses. 1 piece Coir Matting. Several pieces ofCopperah. 3 quills Cinchona Bark. 1 King Coconut. 1 Ordinary Coconut, red variety. 1 Ordinary Coconut, green variety. 1 Ordinary Coconut, yellow variety. 1 Maldive Coconut. 1 Navase Coconut, husk edible when young. 3 Coconut husks. 2 pareels Coconut Fibre. 1 parcel Coconut Yarn. 1 piece Coconut Checku Poonac. Several pieces Coconut Mill Poonac. Cardamoms. Tea. Ten Photographt in Frames (by IV. 11. Skeen & Co.) relating to the Cinnamon, viz.: 1. Shows a Cinnamon bush with one man cutting out the mature sticks fit for peeling, and another trimming them. 2. In this picture the process of peeling or removing the bark is shown. 3 and 4. Here the women are seated on the ground, each has a tripod about 15 inches high before her. 5. Hlustrates tho method of piping or making the quills. 6. Shows the next operation. The quills are laken down from the " drying Unes," they are rolled, the grooves adjusted, overlapß trimmed, and cut to exact mcasurement. 7. After the final finish or handling de- Boribed above, the quills are dried inthesun— oovered with mats or saeks. 8. The quills are counted, tiedinto bundies and taken into the store to be weighed. They are then sorted into the different qualities by professionals. 9. Represents the final process—baling and marking. Tho bales are now ready to be sent to Colombo for shipmeut to London by steamcr. 10. Gives a front view of the Superinten dent's bungalow at Goloa Pokuna Estate. G
82 Transport, Ijnplements, Models. CLASS V. MEANS OF TRANSPORT, IMPLEMENTS, MODELS. Section i. Carriages and Carts. [Carriage-shed and centre of Court.] The carriagcs exhibited by Mr. Patc, and Mr. Pcries, both carriage makers of Colombo, are constructed entirely of Ceylon woods, ebony, satin, halmilla and suriya, portions of the iron-work and fittings being from Europe. The solidity and durability of these carriagcs have obtained for them a well-dcservcd repu te in the Australian colonies, to which they are now exported from Ceylon in inercasing numbers, as they can bc landcd in any of the Australian ports for much less than the price of locally made carriages, not withstanding a rather heavy import duty. The price of the four whceled dog-cart is £120, of the sociablc ;£Bo, and of the two cars each. The exhibits of models of bullock-carts give a very correct repre sentation of the class of vchicle which, previous to the construction of the railway, carried the entire produce of the country from the intcrior to the seaports. The loads which these carts are capable of carrying vary from twclve to twenty hundredweights ; the cattle employed being, at the present time, of the Indian coast breed, larger than the Sinhalese bullock, though the latter are still employed to some extent, and frequently prove hardier than the Indian cattle. The cost of a pair of fine coast bullocks will occasionally bc as much as Rs. 200, the average being about Rs. 125, while the small country cattle are obtainable for from Rs. So to Rs. 100 the pair. Carts cost from Rs. 50 to Rs. 100 each. These carts are sometimes owncd by wcalthy proprietors, who carry on the transport of the interior by contracts entered into with Colombo mercantile firms, the agents of coffee cstates, and as a rule with praiseworthy rcgularity and fidelity. The substitution of railway transport for that by carts in some of our leading planting districts has changed these relations, and except for the Uva district, to the north-cast of the Central Province, carts are now only employed in short journeys, or within the towns ; though a few of the more enterprising of their owners still
Transport, Implemcnts, Models. 83 compete with the railway in more than one direction. The stages performed by good cattle in cach day naturally depend upon the features of the country around; but on roads of easy gradients they will work two stages daily—early in the morning and late at night— of eight miles each. The number of carts licensed to ply for hirc in Ceylon has decreased, owing to the action of the railway, to about a fifth of their former number. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— Model of hulloek-cart used by Sinhalese, drawn by two bulls, 21. Model of bullock carriage, or hackery, drawn hy a single buil, 2/. Full-sized hackery, or bullock carriage, drawn by a single buil, 5?. Model of bullock cart, drawn by two bulls, 21. Bullock-cart with bulls, as used by Tamils in tho Northern Province, 21. Palanqnin, carried by portere, 21. A. PATE & SON, Colombo.—Full sizcd ï'our-wheeled Dog-cart of satin-wood. Full-sized Landau. (Sec Labels.) JOHN PERlES.— Balmoral Car, satin wood. Mail I'haeton. (Sec Labels.) Section 2. Boats. The models of boats comprise ferry boats, canoes, catamarans, and ballams. The first named are usually for foot passengers across streams, cithcr two small hollowed-out trees lashed together, or one large ballam capable of containing a dozen persons. For ferrying across rivers, and for the convcyancc of carts and horses as well as foot passengers, a large flat-bottomed boat is used, though at the present time the nccd for these is gradually disappearing, as rivers are spanned by the iron-rail bridges described below. Catamarans are the rudest and most primitive of any description of craft, as may be seen by the model of one in use for the convcyancc of Her Majesty's mails across the narrow strait which separates the north of Ceylon from the south coast of India. They are extremcly safe, and being composed of very light wood, cannot be sunk, though frequently overturncd in the breakers. Only once during many years have the mail bags been lost, even in the most stormy weather. The model of a trading dhonie, with its attendant ballam shown, is exhibited, and o-ives an excellent representation of the craft which performs the coast carrying trade of the island. They are nearly all built on the south coast of the island, whilst square-rigged country craft are built in the small ports of the north. They vary in size from about twenty to seventy tons burthen, and cost from Rs. 25 to Rs. 40 per ton ; square rigged vessels average 60 tons, and cost Rs. 80 to Rs. 100 per ton. G 2
84 Transport, Implements, Models. The number of the two classes of vessels now on the Colombo shipping register is 949, of an aggregate burthen of 89,000 tons. The square-rigged vessels are owncd by Moormcn chiefly ; the dhonics are mainly the property of Sinhalese, who work them in shares with the crew, much in the same way as prevails with regard to fishing-boats in the north of England and Scotland. The owner receives one-third of the vessels' carnings, the remaining two-thirds being divided in certain wcll-dcfincd shares between the tindall, or commander, and crew, the former's share being twice that of cach of the other's. Eight to fiftcen men compose the crew of a dhonic according to its tonnage, and thcy are mostly relatives or connections of the owner and belong to the same village. These simply-constructcd and carcfully-navigated craft carry on a considerablc coasting trade during the fine weathcr of the north-cast monsoon, when land and sea-breezes alternate day and night, enabling them to makc their way slowly but securely from the northern districts of the island, laden with coral, to the south-west coast, rcturning with cargoes of European or Indian commoditics. In this way they will perform generally three or four trips during each north-east monsoon, being laid up on the beach for repairs and refitting during the boistcrous weather prevalent in the south-west monsoon. They are essentially fine weather craft. Their rigging is cntirely of country-madc coir rope, their sails of homc-grown, home spun cotton, and their hulls of a light but rathcr durablc wood, the planks and keel containing no metal nails, the entire fabric being held firmly together by means of wooden pegs and coir yarn, the seams of the planks and decks being coated with indigenous resin, whilst the huil is usually scrapcd and anointed with a blend of limc and an oil specially obnoxious to marine animals. Model of a Pearl Fishing-boat. —This exhibit was constructed under the personal supervision of Captain Donnan, Superintendent of the pearl fishcrics, by the men of his department. The figures are the work of a Portugucsc modeller, a native of Colombo, and show the correct attitudes and positions of those engaged in the work. The pearl banks of Ceylon are situated on the north-west coast of the island, and are distant about cight or ten miles form the shore, only a portion of which is visiblc from the boats while fishing, so that it is necessary to note the precise locality of each bank by buoys. These fisheries occur at irregular intervals, and the number of oystcrs taken up is as uncertain as the occurrcnce of the fishery, by reason of the excessive mortality amongst young oystcrs, and their destruction by
Transport, Implements, Models. 85 enemies. The fishing can takc place only during the very calmcst period of the north-cast monsoon, namcly in the months of February, March and April, and the number of boats with their respective com plements of divers and crews depends on the spcculations regarding the nature of the fishery. In 1888 and 1889 it is confidcntly expected that as many as three hundred millions of oysters will be fished, requiring every boat and every diver procurable in Ceylon and South India. During the months named the wind blows off the land during the night, and off the sea during the day, facts which cnable the large fleet of fishing boats to reach the pearl banks by daylight on each morning, returning with their cargoes shortly after noon. The boats are divided into two fleets, one flying red flags, the other blue, and these go out to their work on alternatc days. The process of lifting the oysters by the divers is as follows : —Seated on the edge of the boat's side, over which a heavy stone attachcd to a rope is hung rcady to be dropped at a moment's notice, the diver places one foot on either side of it, and grasping the rope in one hand, with the other he seizes anothcr rope to which a net is attached, and on a signal given by him, the stone and rope is detacltcd from the gunwale of the boat, and descends rapidly to the bottom, carrying him with it. Throwing himself flat on the ground, and relieving his net of the stone, which is at once drawn up ready for anothcr plunge, he with his right hand gathers into the net with lightning rapidity as many of the oysters as are within his reach, when, at the expiry of perhaps half a minutc or a little more, he pulls the suspended rope which is held in the hand of a boatman above, who at once gives it a sudden jerk upwards, which gives him sufficiënt impetus to regain the surfacc rapidly. Instances have been known of divers remaining under water a full minute and even longer, but these are rare, and divers who have a good scason for work before them do not care to over-tax their staying powers by such feats. As it is, they rarely attain to old age, living to no greater age than forty or fifty years. The net and diving stone used by the pcarl fisher in the pursuit of his vocation are shown beside the model, but the rope by means of which the pearl fisher descends to the secne of his labours, the length of which depends upon the depth of the water in which the oysters are found is not exhibited. The diver could makc his descent to the pearl banks without the aid of a stone, but not nearly so rapidly as with it. So soon as the boats reach the shore, their contents are removed by the boatmen, and deposited in sheds, or " kottus," erectcd for the purpose
86 Transport, Implements, Models. along the beach, where they are well guarded during the nïght, and ordinarily sold at so much per thousand to the highest bidder on the following day. The price realiscd by them varics from twenty to seventy rupees the thousand, the value depending to a great extent on the average yield of a sample of five thousand lifted in the early part of the fishery. Much, however, depends on the extent of the fishery, as well as on an attendance of buyers, who, when a good fishery is anticipated, flock over from India in large numbers. Attempts are sometimes made to lower the price by a combination amongst the buyers, in which case the Government officials will suspend the auction until fair offers are made, which is usually the result of firmness on their part. The process of removing the pearls from the oysters is tedious and most offensive, for the contents of the molluscs must bc allowed to decay before the pearls can be detached, and as a result the stench is not only very powerful but occasionally detrimental to health, notwithstanding all the precautions insistcd upon by the health officer in charge. As may bc imagined, the crowds which are attractcd by the fishery are very great, for not only are there many hundreds of pearl dealers, large and small, but there are thousands of petty traders brought there for the supply of the daily wants of the pearl merchants, and the official subordinates and labourers. The desert sandy beach is at such a time covered by myriads of huts and tents, in which may bc procurcd goods from Europe and Asia of cvery conceivable description, and the scène presentcd by this motley assemblage at night is most remarkable. Thanks to the precautions taken by the fishery authorities and the policc, sickness rarely makes its appearancc on these occasions, and only once has cholera broken out. 1. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— Models of: —Ballam, or fishing-boat of Nor thern Province, fitted for diving, either for pearl fishery or chank fishery, 51. 2. Fishing boat used by Sinhalese on the west coast, 51. 3. Catamaran, or raft of logs tied together, in general vso in Northern Province, 21. 4. Doublé canoc, used by Sinhalese on rivers and in very calm weather on sea, 51. 5. Dhoney, a sea boat, with outrigger of large size, used in trade to coast of India, and on Ceylon coast, 5/. 6. Oruwa, fishing canoe, with outrigger, used on sea and rivers; remarkable for safety in bad weather, and very fast sail r, 31. lOs. 7. Ditto, 51. 8. Paruwa, or padda boat, used for transport of goods by river and canal, 51. 9. Fishing-boat used by Sinhalese on west coast (same as No. 2), 21. 10. Oruwa, fishing canoe with outrigger (same as No. 6), 11. 11. Catamaran, or raft of logs lashed together (same as No. 3), 3. 10«. 12. Model of pearl fishing Ballam, showing tho divers in tho operation of collecting pearls.
Transport, Impleinents, Models. 87 Section 3. Agricultural Implements. [Walls.] The exhibits under this head are those in common use by native agriculturists. Not only are they the implements of the Sinhalese cultivators of the present time, but thcy represent the unchangcd habits of the pcople in all that rclatcs to agriculturc. The Sinhalese plough of to-day is a counterpart of the implement used two thousand years ago, and may be found in daily use by the husbandmen of lower India. Those who may be disposed to regard an implement so simple and small as a poor remnant of barbarism will do well to remember the nature of the work for which it is intended, and that it has for thousands of years performed its part in the husbandry of the East. Designed only to opcrate on land subject to re peatcd flooding from a water supply more or less abundant, the rude and fragile implement is not ill adaptcd to the work it has to perform, and to the diminutive cattle by which it is drawn. So long as the availablc water supply is ample for the saturation and soften ing of the rice fields, the plough of antiquity serves its purpose sufiïcicntly; but in seasons of drought, when the clouds refuse their aid, when rivers become mere streams, and the streams are mere sandy gullies, when the sky is as brass and the carth as iron, then the poor village implement is of no avail, the starving cattle are powcrless, and the husbandman abandons himself to despair. Of late years Western intclligencc has come to the aid of Eastern indifference with light sharp ploughs, costing but a few rupees, and capablc of being worked by a pair of ordinary country cattle. These ploughs have been tried by native cultivators in the Western and North-Western Provinces of the island, and apparcntly with success, having turncd up stiff land in half the time requircd with the ordinary plough. But much time and troublc will bc needed to overcome the decp-seated prejudice of Orientals against innovations. Mamoties, Catties, and Axes. —Whilst the plough is home made, agricultural tools are in most instances importcd from Europe. Forty years ago this was not the case. At that time the village blacksmith plied his calling as busily as ever did his confrère in old England, and the tools he providcd for his fellows were as excellent in quality as they wcre solid and durable. A well-made cattie, such
88 Transport, Implements, Models. as Cinnamon peelers delight to handle in erop time, is a very perfect tooi, and was for many years without a competitor among the many importations from Birmingham and Shcffield. But British manufac turers learnt the quality that Avas required, and eventually supplicd it at a lower price than that at which the village tooi could be pro duced. The importation of English tools into Ceylon has, during the last twenty years, assumed large proportions, the greater portion, however, being for use by Indian coolics on European estates. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON, Kégalla District.—Collection of Village Implements. Ditto in ivory (miniaturo). S. DIAS BANDARANAYAKA MUHANDlRAM.—Agricultural Imple ments. Section 4. Models. (d). Model of Arrack Still. [W.] —In a previous section the extent of the trade in arrack has been noticed. The process and arrange ments for conducting an arrack distillery will now be described. The first steps of the intending distillcr is to select the site of his distillery, which he determincs chiefly with regard to the facility for securing on lease for the year a suitable number of coconut trees varying from cight hundred -to a thousand in the immediate vicinity. He then, aftcr having crected his building and apparatus, which consists of a still varying in capacity from 150 to 200 gallons with its appurtenant vats, &c, submits the same to the approval of the hcadman of the district, who, if the requirements of the law are fulfilled by the nature of the preparations made, and no othcr objection to the issue of a licence exists, grants him a certificate to that effect on bchalf of Government, and upon the production of this certificate at the Kachchcri, or Rcvcnuc office, accompanied by a fee of Rs. 100, a licence to keep and use a single still is issued. The preparation of the trees consists in coupling as many as possiblc into a single group by means of a dozen strong ropes fastcned near the summit of the stem and stretchcd from tree to tree, so as to form a bridge or footway between each tree and its ncighbour, with six similar ropes about four feet highcr than the twelve, which serve the purpose of a hand rail or balustrade. This prcliminary opcration is performed about thrce weeks before it is intended to commence distillation, in order that the toddy drawers may pass with case from tree to tree " preparing the flowers," a process which consists of bcating
Transport, Implements, Models. 89 once a day with a short but heavy wooden instrument the long spathc or sheath in which the immature flowers of the coconut are enfolded. Such treatment under an experienced hand has the effect in about sevcn days of reducing the whole flower to a pulp without breaking the sheath or envelope in which it is contained, and when this rcsult has been attained, and the pointed end of the spathe cut off, the juice produced by this bruising of the flowers will trickle out slowly into a small earthen pot which is fastened to the end; the juice which thus falls is swcet toddy, and quickly ferments ; this toddy is collected from each tree every morning and carried to the distillery, where, when the amount has reached 150 gallons (or such quantity as will fill the still), it is distilled. Every morning when the toddy drawer collects his toddy he must again cut off a thin slice from the open end of the inflorescence, which by exposure to the atmosphere would otherwise rapidly dry up or heal, and so obstruct the passage of the juice ; he must do this likewise again every evening. Each toddy drawer works about 100 trees, eight or nine are therefore required for the service of each still. The first distillation produces a liquor termed " polwakara," measuring one quarter of the toddy used. It takes four repetitions of this process therefore to obtain sufficiënt polwakara to fill the still again ; when, however, this quantity is secured, the polwakara is again distilled, and produces what is called talwakara, or " arrack," which measures only half of the polwakara, or one-eighth of the toddy used to produce it. The strength of this polwakara varies from 18" to 20" under proof; to increase that strength the process of distillation must of course be repeated, in which case the product is termed " ispiritu " (anglicc, " spirit"). The average product of a still of 150 gallons during the eight months of distillation is usually thirty leaguers, or 4,500 gallons. ARNOLD DIAS of Panadure.— Largo model of an Arrack Still, and implements used in toddy drawing. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON, Negombo District.—" Tot " Arrack Still (the simple contrivanco used for illicit distil lation). GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON, Colombo District. —Model in Piaster of two Coconut Trees with uativea drawiug toddy, &c. D. F. DE SIL VA.—ModeI in Satinwood and Ebony of three Coconut Trees and natives engaged in drawing toddy. (b). Model of Native Oil MUI. [A 2.] —This shows the native mode of extracting coconut oil from copra, the dried kernel of the coconut. It is a simple and inexpensive method, and although not so effective as the steam machinery introduced by Europeans for the same purpose, it has held its ground for the last half a century against steam crushers
Natural Objects. 9 many inferior kinds are imperfectly finishcd, and hence the gems called zircon, jargoon, and hyacinth do not stand very high in the commercial Standard. Two or thrce rare cases of crystallization are exhibited in thia collection. First a natural crystal of chrysobcryl, in the form of a star of six points, the sides being duplicated. Therc are instances of this form of ciystal having been found before, but it is very rare. Also a common crystal in the natural state, bearing a somewhat grotesque and cxaggcrated resemblancc to a human face. This was discovered in a gem pit of great reputation at Ratnapura, where certain very large and valuable gems were discovered. A very rare alexandrite catseye also exhibited is worthy of notice. L is of a dark bottle-grcen colour, with the white line, and by artificial light has the ruby tint of the alexandrite. Attcntion is also called to a collection of various coloured sapphires, including fifty different tints, which gives the best representation of Ceylon stones ever exhibited, and includes collcctions made during the last fifty years. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.— A Lirge collection of Sapphires, Bubies, Cats eyes, Alexandrites, Star Stones, Moonstones, Zircons, and many other varieties of Stones found in Ceylon. C. H. DE SOYSA, J.P.-A valuable collection ol Ceylon Stones, rough and cut, {ncludinjj Sapphires, Bubies, Catseyes, Star ötones, Moonstones, Amethysts, Cinnamon Stones, Aqnaniarines, Topaz, Tourmalines, ««niets, CrystalsJCiringee, Pearls, Quartz con taining Ceylon Cold, a large water sapphire. R. C. NOCKOLD, Esq., Frith Street, öoiro.—A aluable collection of Ceylon (Jcnis. consisting of Bubies, Sapphires," Jargoons, spiuels, Chrysoberls, Tourmalines, Beryls, ayaomths, Catseyes, Buby and Bapphrre stars.—Specimens (some in mounts) ot' Sap paires, Bubi.s, Star Sapphire, Buby Star, J-atseye, White Topaz, Vellow Occidental 1 opaz, Moonstones.—Bare specimens ot' Bough Stoncs, cut and partially cut, showing natura! fonu. Mr. E. W. STREETER, 18 New Bond Street, Messrs. HUNT & ROS KELL, 156 New Bond Street, and Mr. W. J. TRIPP, 24 Percy Street, Bed ford Square, have kindly leut valuable and interesting specimens of Ceylon precious at ones. O. L. M. MACAN MARIKAR.—A largo Catseye, a line blue Sapphire, a Gold Box set with a variety of Ceylon Genis. A. L. MEERA ISMAIL LEBBE.—A collection of eigliteen varietics of Ceylon Stones, rough and out, A. L. M. MOHAMADTX.—I.arge water Sapphire Crystal, uncut, £10. CAPTAIN F. BAYLEY. —A fine Catseye, set in a Bracelet. A. DE BEER, Esq.—A jmrurc of fino White Water Sapphires. Section 4. Pearls, Pearl Oysters, Chanks. [A 3.] Pcarls have carned for Ceylon a world-wide celebrity from the e arliest time. The mode by which this beautiful object is produced by the oyster is no longer matter of doubt. Expcriments have shown that it is brought about by the efforts of the creature to rid itself of the irritation caused by the prcscncc within its shell of some minutc
Transport, Implements, Models. 90 and hydraulic presses ; and notwithstanding the erection of large and costly steam oil milis in the neighbourhood of Colombo, the " checkoo," or bullock mill, continues to creak and grind as it creaked and ground fifty years ago. When copra is scarce or dear and oil is not to be made, the pair of bullocks are turned out to grazc, costing their owner nothing ; but when the large oil factory is compelled to stand idle, the interest on capital invested has to be reckoned, in addition to which an accident to the machinery may involve an outlayof some hundreds of pounds. There are at the present time about nine hundred of these bullock milis in operatibn in the Western and Southern Provinces, but chicfly in the former. The oil produced by them, although when purchased inferior in colour to " mill oil," shows no perceptible difference after fïning, and realises an cqual price in the home market. A checkoo will turn out about five gallons a day, but this small quantity multiplied by the number of bullock milis, furnishes, in the aggregate, considerable pareels of oil, which are bought up by dealers and middlemen, who contract with the Colombo or Galle merchants for fixed quantities to be supplied within a given period at a stipulatcd price, contracts in which they very rarely fail. (c). Model of Salt Works. —The principal salt works in Ceylon are at Puttalam, on the north-wcst coast, and at Hambantota on the cast coast. The salt manufacture at Puttalam, as represented in the model, differs only from that at Hambantota and other places in the one feature of the brine from which the salt is deposited being drawn from an extensive lagoon, and not direct from the sea. This lagoon is about twenty-cight miles long, and varies in width from four to eight miles, and it opens to the sea at Dutch Bay, a distancc of twenty-eight miles from Puttalam. The water within this area is comparativcly calm, and exposure to the rays of the sun and the constant wind blowing over its smooth surface causes rapid evapora tïon, so that the water in the lagoon is considerably more dense than the actual sea-water. This makes the deposit of salt easy and the process rapid. There are usually two collections in the year, but the first or " yala " collection is generally carried on over a small area, and as the time is short, the collection is usually small. The second collection, called the pcrumpukam or " maha" harvest, commences about June and continues until the north-east monsoon rains commence in the early part of October. The first operation is the enclosure by means of a dam of a certain area of the lake. The object of this is threefold: i. To prevent the constant motion of the water under
Transport, Implements, Models. 91 tidal influence, and the consequent mixing with the water of the lakc. 2. To encourage evaporation. 3. To cause the organic impurities of the water to settlc, which they would not do if the water were in constant motion. When the water has been retained for a sufficiënt time within this enclosure it is again conducted by mcans of channcls into smaller and shallower enclosures, called " warming pans," where evaporation is more rapid and the brine becomes thoroughly con dcnsed. Meanwhile preparations are being made in the crystallising beds, called " waikkals," for the final reception of the brine. The area is cut up into waikkals by means of bunds about three feet above the level of the beds, and about fifteen feet broad. These bunds are used for the deposit of salt as soon as it is collected, and before it is stored in the manufacturer's kottus. The waikkals or beds lying between these bunds are again subdivided by means of small ridges into beds more or less rectangular in shape, and usually about 12 by 20 feet. These are arranged in two rows ; between each of these is a small channel by which the brine is brought down from a larger channel connected with the warming pan. The soil of the waikkals is a nasty sour mud impregnated with chloride of sodium and other salts. The loose mud is first cleared away from the beds by means of wooden scrapers, the surface is then well-stamped and clean white sand sprinkled over it. As soon as the weather appears to be settlcd, the brine is let into the waikkals, and after eight or ten days the salt begins to be deposited. It is however rarely "drawn" under twenty one days, by which time a crust of salt varying from one to two inches and (near the edges) over three inches in thickness is deposited under the water. When a large collection is being carried on, the waikkals present the appearance of newly-fallen snow, but of course the effect is marred by the mud bunds between the waikkals and the water which overlics the salt. The manufacture is carried on at different stations in and around Puttalam, and the outturn varies from about 50,000 to 500,000 cwts. of salt in one year, according to the nature of the season and the energy of the manufacturers in commencing in good time. In Puttalam the manufacture is carried on by persons (chiefly Moormen) who own the land, and the entire work is done by a kind of contract system. The whole of the operations are carried on by the manufacturers under the supervision of Government officials, and employment is thus given to over 1,000 persons. For three or four months (sometimes a year) after the salt is collected it is left in the sheds of the manufacturers until the moisture is drained off. As soon as the collection is completed the manufacturers are paid the
92 Transport, Implements, Models. moiety value on the estimated amount of the collection ; the balance being paid after the salt is weighed into the Government stores a few months later. The salt is conveyed to Colombo by boats which ply along the canal and to the interior districts by cart, and is' sold by retail at about six cents per quart in Colombo and elsewhere. In the Puttalam district it is sold by retail at two cents per pound. {d). Models of Elephant Kraal. —Two models in ebony and satin wood are exhibited showing an elephant kraal, or corral, an cnclosure into which wild elephants are driven in order to be capturcd. Of these models the larger, which is in front of case D, is shown by D. F. de Silva of Colombo ; this model, which is rendcred with much spirit, illustrates a kraal from a native's point of view; little regard being given for proportion, but great stress laid on the distinguished visitors who are in the stands. The second model, which adjoins case G, has been executed at the Govt. Factory under the supervision of Mr. E. C. Davies, and in the exhibit of the Ceylon Government. This very clever design deserves some study, as it shows the wild elephants in the kraal in many positions. A rush of the herd can be scen at one side repelled by a few natives with guns and spcars outsidc the stockade ; and elsewhere wild elephants have been nooscd and ticd up, or are being inveigled towards a convenient tree by trained elephants guided by mahouts. Kraals are generally undertaken on the occasion of visits of eminent persons ; the driving in of the elephants from over a large tract of country employs many hundreds of men day and night, who slowly converge from all points on the kraal. {e). Model of a Rail Bridge. [A 2.] —This has been prepared to show the method of constructing road bridging with waste rail bars. Hitherto waste rails have been utiliscd as hearing beams and standards for foot bridges. The initiation of the system of constructing cart road bridges wholly of waste rail-bars, particularly the piling work, is original and worthy of attention. In Ceylon timber bridges of ordinary construction have to be rencwed after ten years wcar, whilst the life of a solid rail-bar bridge is good for a century, without further attention than an occasional coating of tar. This is no small matter when it is known that the rate of trussed iron bridging has hitherto averaged Rs. 180 per foot lineal against structures which will do the same work and with equal durability at from one-third to one-fourth the cost. Again, the system is free from complicatcd detail, enabling country artificers to erect long lengths of bridging in
Transport, Implements, Models. 93 a very short spacc. The bridges are particularly well adapted for crossing swamps, and where large waterways are required for the passage of floods. In ordinary cases, the piles are made up of thrce rail-bars interlocked, the joints broken at seven feet intervals, always having two bars in the solid ; over each joint a red hot iron collar is shrunk, and the pile made up to the required lengths. The piles are driven in with the ordinary pilc driver, using a heavy ram with a low fall and rapid stroke. In sloppy ground where the lengths are over twenty feet the piles are packed in timbcr secured with iron collars, in other places the piles are cased in cement cylinders of twenty-four inch diameter. Occasionally cross trees of short lengths of rail-bars are interlocked betwecn the joints to prevent slipping. Since the date of introduction upwards of eight hundred feet lineal of this class of bridging have been erected, effecting a large saving to the Colony ; the system is now being extended throughout the roads of Ceylon. (/). Model of Satiinuood Bridge, Peradeniya. [A 2.] —-This large model, kindly lent by the authorities of the South Kensington Museum, represents the light and bcautiful structure spanning the Mahaweli ganga, near the Royal Botanie Gardens, Peradeniya. The bridge is constructed cntircly of satinwood, thoroughly scasoned and was opened for traffic in 1831. The total span is 205 feet. (g). Modelof Breakwater at Colombo. [A 2.] —This shows the mode of construction adopted in this great work, and the gencral character of the setting machinery by mcans of which the blocks were placed in position. The works consist of a superstructure of concrete blocks, the heaviest weighing 33 tons, resting upon a foundation of rubble stonc, the footings on the sea side being protected by bags of concrete. The watcr-coloured sketch on the wall shows the harbour as it will be when fully completcd. At present the works which have been carricd out consist of the South or Mam Breakwater, the wharf at the root of this breakwater, and the decpening of a considerable portion of the bed of the harbour under the shelter of the breakwater by means of dredging. The works still to be executed consist of the north arm, the construction of which is under consideration. The cost of the works already executed has been £705,000. Landing jetties extending from the face of the wharf are put forward for future execution, and will no doubt be ultimately carricd out, as will also a graving doek. The photograph shows the sea breaking over the work in the South-West Monsoon, the height of the crest of the breaking wave being 180 feet.
Art Work. 94 CLASS VI. ART AVORK. Section i. Jewellery, Gold and Silver Ware. [E, F, G, K, L.] The exhibits under this section are both numerous and valuable, and in their variety include evcry kind of gold and silver work which exists among the Sinhalese, Tamil and Moorish races in Ceylon. The most markedly Sinhalese work of all is that from the goldsmith caste in the mountain country of which Kandy was the ancient capital, and which includes the district of Ratnapura and Kégalla, as well as the villages in the Kandy district proper. These goldsmiths are few in number, and are for the most part in good circumstances, having inhcrited endowments in fields and hill sides, bestowcd as rewards upon their ancestors. They have not therefore any great inducement to work with regularity, and it is often hard to get orders executed at all. The Kandyan Art Association, however, an organisation lately started in Kandy with a view to stimulating the workmen to greater industry, and to bring their work more generally before the public, has procured some very good specimens of their art, notably the very finely executed silver salvcr shown in case K, of which an engraving is given opposite. In addition to this repoussé work, there is a collection (mainly in case G) of jcwellery worn by Kandyan chiefs and the ladies of their families, nearly all the articles having been lent by the chiefs for exhibition. Another very distinctive class of exhibits is that from the Northern Province, of which Jaffna is the chief town. This work is mainly gold filagree combined in a variety of ways with tortoise shell, and frequcntly set with pearls. Good specimens of this work, which is as minutc and highly finished as that of Malta, which it closely resembles, are placed in case G. In this case are included the varieties of jewels worn by the highest castes of Tamils in Jaffna, as well as by the poorer Tamils and the Moors throughout the Island. The Sinhalese of the maritime districts have, owing to the long occupation of their country by the Portuguese, a race who minglcd very freely with the people, adopted many of the customs of the Portuguese, notably in their dress and jewellery. A very marked
Art Work. 95 and interesting illustration of this is an exhibit shown in case K, of the bridal ornaments used by a well-to-do Sinhalese bride on her wedding day. The jewellcrs of Colombo and Galle have contributed many valuable exhibits, more spiritcd and varied in their design than the Kandyan work, though as a rule not so minutc and delicate in finish. The best specimen of their work is the silver box, in the upper part of case F, on which is carvcd the whole history of Wijayo, the con queror of Ceylon, whose life is the earliest incident recordcd in the ancient Pali chronicles of Ceylon. Special acknowledgment is due to the public spirit of Mr. C. H De Soysa, who has lent many very valuable exhibits under this section, in addition to those under the head of Gems (Class I. Sections 3 and 4), and under the 9th section of this class. It has been found impossible to group the exhibits of this section in any one portion of the Court, but cases E, F, G, and K] contain all that is most important. The exhibits are, for the convenience of visitors, catalogued according to cases, the district from which the jcwellery is received being noted in each case. Contents of Case E. 1. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —Silver Dagoba on Stand (Galle work), 507. 2. J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Gilt Dagoba. (Not for sale.) 3. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —Silver Dagoba (Batnapura work), 507., con taining an exact likencss of tlie Sacred Tooth in the Kandy Temple. 4. C. H. DE SOYSA, J.P.— Set of Gold Platc, chased and set with rubies, sapphires, and pearls, consisting of two platos, three glasses, and a knife, spoon, and fork. (Not for sale.) 5. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Chembu, or Water-pot, 357.. 6. Silver Kendiya or Coffee-pot, 407. 7. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —Silver Bracelet, 27. lOs. 8. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION—Pair of Silver Banglos, 27. ss. 9. WATTEGAMA, R. M.— Oblong Silver Box (Kégalla Work). (Not for sale.) 10. TALANGAMA ARACHCHL— Small oval Box. (Not for sale.) 11. C. H. DE SOYSA, J.P.— 310 Ceylon Pearls, on three strings, valued at 1,5007. (Not for sale.) 12. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —"Cobra" Paper Weight(Ratnapura work), 37. 13. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT of Kégalla.—Silver Chatelaine and Betel-bag. (Not for sale.) 14. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —Silver oigar case (Ratnapura work), 57. 15. 3 Table Napkin-rings (Ratnapura work), 16. EKNELIGODA, R.M. — Silver Cigar Case. (Not for sale.) 17. C. H. DE SOYSA, J.P.— Gold Chain of Office, for rank of Mudaliyar. (Not for sale.) 18. Sir A. N. BIRCH, K.C.M.G.— Silver Casket, duplieate of that containing the Sacred Tooth in Kandy. (Not for sale.) 19. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Casket (Kandyan work), 307. 20. D. F. DE SlLVA.— Moonstone Belt, mounted iv silver, 301.
96 Art Work. 21. WATTEGAMA, R.M. —Oblong Silver Box. (Not for sale.) 22. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Casket, similar to that con taining the Sacred Tooth in Kandy, 407. 23. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT of Kégalla.—Small oval Box. (Not for sale.) 24. C. H. DE SOYSA, J.P.—Sword, Belt, and Mcdal of Office for rank of Muda liyar, gold, very richly set with valuable precious stones, valued at 2,0007. (Not for sale.) The chaiu (No. 17) is part of this dress. 25. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON. —Silver Tray (Ratnapura work), 207. 26. ASSISTANT GOVERNMENT AGENT of Kégalla.—6 Table Napkin rings (Kégalla work). (Not for snle.) 27. WATTEGAMA, R.M. — Silver Matchbox. (Not for snlc) 28. TAMBUGALA VIDANA.—GoId and Velvct Purse of a Kandyan Chief. (Not for sale.) 29. GOVERNMENT OP CEYLON. —Silver Casket (Ratnapura work), 307. <• 30. DEDIGAMA ARACHCHL— Silver Linie Box. (Not for sale.) 31. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION— Curiously Sbaped old Silver Kan dyan Casket, 207. 32. RAT ANGOLA VIDANA Small oval Silver Box. (Not for sale.) 33. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION. —Large oblong Silver Casket, 507. 34. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON — Small Water-pot in Silver (Ratnapura ■work). 37. 35. Elaboratcly-chased Silver Box (Galle work), 507. 36. Buddhist Ola Book, in elaboratcly-chased silver covers (Galle work), 507. 37. DEDIGAMA ARACHCHL— Oval Box in Silver. (Not for sale). 38. A. C. GUNATILAKA, Muda liyar.—Silver Lotus Flower. (Not for snle.) 39. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —Silver Scent Sprinkler (from Jaffna). (Not for side.) 40. Silver Salt Cellar (Ratnapura work), 17. 10e. 41. KOBBEKADUWA, R.M.—Small Silver Dagoba. (Not for sale.) 42. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION. — Large Silver Casket (Kandyan work), 407. 43. GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. —Silver Lime Box and Chain, 37. 43a. RT. HON. SIR W. H. GRE GORY, K.C.M.G.—Silver Scent Sprinkler, with curious old lion stem (from Jaffna). (Not for sale.) Contents of Case F. 1. D. F. DE SILVA.—Ebony Writing Desk, mountcd in silver, 457. 2. RIGHT HON. SIR W. H. GREGORY, K.C.M.G.—Silver Casket on Ebony Stand. (Not for sale.) 3. D. F. DE SlLVA.—Silver Carved Box ; the carvings illustrate the history of Wijayo, the Indian Prince who conquered Ceylon. and from whom the Sinhalese tracé their descent, 1607. 4. LOKU BANDA, R.M. of Haris pattu.—Necklaceof Gold and Rubies. (Not for sale.) 5. T. B. PANABOKKE, R.M. of Udapalata.—Telia, a Neeklace worn by Kandyan Ladies. (Not for sale.) 6. T.B.GIRIHAGAMA.—PavaIanpota, or Coral and (J old Neeklace. (Not for sale.) 7. T. B. RAMBUKWELLE, R.M. of Uda Dumbara.—Walalu, Coral and Gold Bracelets. (Not for sale.) 8. C. B. NUGAWELA, R.M. of Udunuwara.—Male, chain worn by Kandyan ladies. (Not for sale.) 9. WIMALASURENDRA MU HANDIRAM.—Pair of Silver Lockets, 15s. the pair. 10. M. B. NUGAWELA, R.M. of Tumpane.—Kechchagama, armlet for the upper arm, worn by Kandyan ladies. (Not for sale.) 11. KUDA BANDA, President of Yatinuwara. —Padakkama, neeklace and pendant worn by Kandyan ladies. (Not for sale.) 12. T. B. GIRIHAGAMA, R.M. of Uda Bulatgama.—Male, gold head neek lace. (Not for sale.) 13. J. C. CASIE CHITTY.—GoId Knife and Sheath, set with Rubies (once the property of Molligodde Adigar). (Notfor sale.}
Art Work. 97 14. RATWATTE, R.M. of Pata Dumbara. —Gold Knifo and Sheath. (Not for sale.) 15. MISS EMERSON TENNENT. —GoldKnifeand Sheath, mountcd with uucut Rubies, 577. 15s. 16. LOKU BANDA, R.M. of Haris pattu.—Pair of Gold Banglos. (Notfor tolt .) 17. MISS EMERSON TENNENT. —Carved Silver Box, to hold prayer-book, 427. 18. D. F. DE SlLVA.—lvory Box, mounted in gold, 101. 19. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Ueppuwa, a box to contain lime for betel chcwing, 17. 10s. 20. WTMALASURENDRA MU HANDIRAM.—SiIver Card Case, 27. 10». 21. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Heppuwa, 17. 22. Ditto, 37. 10s. 23. Ditto, 47. 24. D. F. DE SlLVA.— Brooch; a beetle set in gold, 17. lOs. 25. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Heppuwa, :;/. 16». 26. P. B. ODRIS WEERARATNA, of Galle.—Silver Pilime, or image of Buddha, 37. 27. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Balver, 47.105. 28. D. S. DE SILVA, Ratnavibu sani.—Betel Stand in silver, 27. ös. 29. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Salver, 47. lOs. 30. Silver Heppuwa, 12s. 31. J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Gilt Sedeut Buddha. (Not for sale.) 32. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.— Silver oval Heppuwa, 37. lOs. 33. Ditto, 17. lOs. 34. Ditto, 57. 35. Ditto, 47. 36. W. A. DON POROLIS DE SlLVA.—Silver Spittoon, 2/. 5». 37. D. P. DE SlLVA.—Moonstone Hair pin in gold Betting, 12. 15s. 38. Moonstone Hairjiin in silver setting, 1/. ss. 39. Moon stone Fan Brunch in geld setting, 37. 40. Moonstone Eau Brooch in gold setting (smaller), 27. 10s. 41. M. B. NUGAWELA, R.M. of Tumpane.—Patiya, a Belt worn by Kandyan in f'ull dre.-s. (Not for sale.) 42. A. C. GUNATILAKA, Muda liyar.—Sword and Belt of Office, belongiug to rank of Mudaliyar. (Not for sale.) 43. J. HOLLOCOMBE, Esq.—Ricbly carved Kandyan Sword, silver inlaid with gold. (Not for sale.) 44. Richly carved Kandyan Sword, inlaid and jewelled. (Not for sale.) 45. MISS EMERSON TEN NENT.—Iron Style, inlaid with gold, in sheath of ivory and silver, 157. 1 Sa. 46. DON DANIEL NARAYANA.— Silver Style, lOs. 47. R. A. BOSANQUET, Esq. — Gold Bracelet (Ratnapura work). (Not for sale.) 48. MRS. A. N. BIRCH.—GoId Brace let (Jaffna work). (Not for sale.) 49. Gold Neeklace (Jaffna work). (Not for snle.) 50. J. HOLLOCOMBE, Esq.—Ricbly carved Kandyan Sword, silver chased. (Not for sale.) 51. J. M. P. PERIES, Mudaliyar.— Crystal Figure of Buddha, seated under a silver Bo tree. ( Not for sale.) 52. M. B. NUGAWELA, R.M. of Tumpane.—Pair of C.igiri Walalu, or musi cal anklcts. (Not for sale.) 53. WIMALASURENDRA MU HANDIRAM. — Hawudiya, or Silver Waist Chain, 67. lOs. 54. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Heppuwa, 47. lOs. 55. Ditto, 37. lOs. 56. YATAWARA BANDA, R.M. ot Pata Hewaheta.—Pair of Todu, car orna ments. (Not for salt.') 57. S. RATWATTE, R.M. of Pata Dumbara.—Pair of Kuru, or Earriugs. (Not for sale.) 58. KUDA BANDA, President ot Yatinuwara.—Pamndu, toe riugs worn by Kandyan ladies. (Not for sale.) 59. C. B. NUGAWELA, R.M. of Udunuwara.—Pullimal, Earringa wem by Kandyan ladies. (Notfor sale.) 60. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA TION.—SiIver Heppuwa; 47. lOs. 61 Ditto, 27. 62. S. D. MAHAWALATENNE.— Silver Waist Chain. (Not for sah.) 63. E. R. GUNARATNA, Atapattu II
98 Art Work. Mudaliyar of Galle. —Silver Heppuwa. (Not for sale.) 64. Ditto. (Not for sale.) 65. Lime-holder and chain. (Not for sale.) 66. GOVERNMENT AGENT, Southern Province. — Coconut-tree in silver. (Not for salt .) 67. HON. SEC. Ceylon Court.— Silver Elephant Brooch. (Not for sale.) Contents of Case G. CEYLON GOVERNMENT. — 1. Gold Ornament of Jaffna work, worn bv ladies with Nos. 4, 5, 30, 31, 317. 2. Gold Neek lace, of Jaffna wor-k, set with pearls and uncut gems. 122. lOs. 3. Gold Neeklace, of Jaffna work. s<t with pearls and uncut gems. 127.10». 4. Portion of Ladies' Head Ornament, vide No. 1. 5. Portion of Ladies'Head Ornament, vide Xo. 1. 6. Gold Brooch, of Jaffna work, set with pearls, 87. 7. Butterfly Brooch in tortoiseshell and gold, set with precious steiies, 57. 8, 9. Pair of Gold Braeelets of Janna work, 67. G. L. WILLIAMS, Esq. 10. Gold Tluili, or neeklace (Moorish), 207. 11. Gold Thali, nr neeklace (Moorish), 107. CEYLON GOVERNMENT (Jaffna work). — 12. Elephant Hair Bracelet, 107. 13. Gold Swamy Bracelet, 137. 14. Gold ent Brooch set with pearls, 37. 15. Suako Bracelet of a roso pattern, in gold, 277. lOs. 16. Roso Brooch in gold set with a pearl, 97. 17. Kose Cross Brooch in gold set with pearls, 107. 18. Elephant Hair Ring, 178. 6<7.; Puzzle Ring, in gold, 17. lOs. 19. Snake Ring, 17. 155.; Ring composed of six gold elephants, 11. 20. Elephant Hair Necktie Ring, 27. 2». 21. Ball Ring, 27. 22. Gold and Tortoiseshell Brooch set with pearls, 127. 23. Anchor Brooch in Gold set with a pearl, 77. lOs. O. L. M. MACAN MARIKAR.—24. Nocklet set with pearls and catßeyea, 507. CEYLON GOVERNMENT. — 25. Alligator Chain Bet with pearls and gems, 377. lOs. G. L. WILLIAMS, Esq.— 26. Gold Bangle. 161 27. Gold Bangle, 107. 28. Gold Bangle, 137. 29. Gold Bangle, 137. CEYLON GOVERNMENT (Jaffna work). —30, 31. Gold Hair Ornaments set with pearls (portions of a headdresa which in cludes Nos. 1, 4, 5.), 107. 32. Rosé Chain Neeklace iv gold, 207. 33. Gold Neeklace set with pearls and uncut gems, 107. 10a. 34. Alligator Bracelet in tortoiseshell aud gold, 167. 35. " Lion-faced " Bangle in gold, set with gems, 157. 36. Gold "puzzle" Ring, 17. 10s. 37. Gold Bucklc Ring with pearls, 27. lOs. 38. Cross Brooch in tortoiseshell and gold, 37. 10«. 39. Cross Brooch in tortoiseshell and gold, 21. 2s. 40. Pair of Tortoiseshell and Gold Banglos, 17. 41. (0,1,1 Neeklace, 167. 42. Pair of Gold and Pearl earrings, 27. lOs. 43. Tortoiseshell Star Brooch, 27. 44. Gold Star Brooch, 27. 10«. G. L. WILLIAMS, Esq. — 45. Gold Chain, as worn by Moorish ladies, 167. lOs. CEYLON GOVERNMENT (Jaffna werk). —46. Latin Cross Broooh, geld set with pearls, 77. 47. Gold Neeklace. S/. G. L. WILLIAMS, EBq.— 4B. Pair of Suake Banglos in silver, 17. G. DE CROOS.—49. Pair of Silver Anklets. (Not for sale.) G. L. WILLIAMS, Esq.— so. Silver Hair Pms, 17. 51,52. Two Silver Hair Pms, 17. lOs. 53. Silver Chatelaiue, 57. G. DE CROOS.— S4, 55. Silver Chate laines, with bunehes of cbarms. 56. Pair oi' Silver Anklets. 57, 58. Ditto. 59. Pair et' Silver Braeelets. (Not for sale.) G. L. WILLIAMS, Esq.— 6o. Tair of Silver Anklets, 47. 61. Ditto, 67. 62. Ditto, 57. 63. Ditto, 37. 64. Silver Waist Chain, 17. C. H. DE SOYSA, Esq.— 6s. Collection of Sinhalese Ladies' Ornaments in emeralds aud gold. 66. Ditto in rubies. 67. Ditto iv diamonds and pearls. (Not for sul, .) MADUWANWALA BANDA.—6B. Gold aud Pearl Neeklace. (Nd for sale.) C. H. DE SOYSA, Esq.—69, 70. Gold Braeelets set with topaz and pearls. (Nol for snle.) MADUWANWALA BANDA.—7I. Kandyan chiefs Ring, gold set with rubies, emeralds and diamonds. (Not for sale.) G. DE CROOS.—72. Gold Chain, worn by Tamil ladies. (Not for sale.) ELLAWALA, R.M.—73. Gold Brooch set with a large sapphire. (Nat for sale.) MADUWANWALA BANDA.—74. Ciold Brooch set witli a largo sapphire and rubies. (Not for sale.) Through ASSISTANT GOVERN MENT AGENT, Kégalla.—7s. Chate lainc in gold filagree. 76. Neoklet and Pen dant set with rubies; pair of Ear-tipa Bet with rubies. 77. Pair of Fish Toe Rings, gold.
Art Work 99 78. Gold Neeklace set with rubies. (Nol for sale.) G. DE CROOS.—79. Lady's Comb and Hair Ornaments (Tamil). 80. Gold Chain, worn by Tamil ladies. (Not for snle.) MADUWANWALA BANDA.—BI. Gold Snake Chain. 82. GoldChunam (Linie) Box and Chain. (Not for 501. .) G. DE CROOS.—B3, 84. Pair of Gold Bangles. 85. Ditto. 86. Gold Chain with ruby and pearl pendant. 87. Six Gold Ear Oruaments, worn by Tamil ladies. (Not for sale.) MADUWANWALA BANDA.—BB. Gold Necklet. 89. Gold Eardrops. (Not for sale.) Through ASSISTANT GOVERN MENT AGENT, Kégalla.-90. Kandyan Chiefs Ring. 91. Pair of Gold Eardrops with pearls. 92. Gold Bracelet set with rubies and pearls. (Nvt for sale.) MADUWANWALA BANDA.—93. Gold and Ruby Eardrops. (Nol for sale.) CEYLON GOVERNMENT.—Deeo rative Silver and Ebony Candelabrum of Kandyan workmanship. The details taken from ancient Buddhist edifices. Price 007. Through ASSISTANT GOVERN MENT AGENT, Kégalla.—94. Pair of Ear Ornaments. (Not for sale.) MADUWANWALA BANDA.— 95. Large Ear Elowers iv gold. 96. Ditto, set with rubies and pearls. 97, 98. Pair of large Gold Bangles. 99, 100. Ditto. 101. Geld and Coral Chain. 102. Long Gold Chain set with rubies. 103. Amulet set in geld. 104. Goldand Coral Bead Neeklace. 105. Gold aud Coral Neeklace. (Not for sale.) In case K. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIATION. —Largo Silver Salver, very delicate repoussé work executed by Kégalla workmen. 1207. (Sec engraving opposite p. 04.) In case L. C. S. RAIKES, Esq.—Large Silver Salver. (Not for snle.) P. R. SAUNDERS, Esq.—Collection of Ratnapura silver work. (Not for snle.) D. P. DE SILVA and ANDREW SILVA of Colombo. —Moonstone jewel lery. (These articles are for sale. For priem apply to the Gem Department) Section 2. Metal Ware other than Gold and Silver. [K.] The brass ware made in Ceylon is of the simplest description. The only demand in the island is for utensils for domestic purposes, such as cooking and carrying water. That the brass-workers are capable, however, of beautiful work is shown by the very handsome spherical bowl supported on three cobras, numbered 74 on the cata logue. This was made by a Tamil brass-worker at Negombo, where the industry in brass-work is considcrable. Tangalla, in the Southern Province, is also the centre of a considcrable trade. The Kandyan Art Association has fostered the art among the Kandyans of working in copper and silver upon brass, and among the Association's exhibits are some beautiful samples of this combination. Brass. 1. J. H. THWAITES, Esq.—Figure of Budda seated on folds of a Cobra, and sha dowed by the Cobra's Hood. (Not for snle.) 2. KANDYAN ART ASSOCIA- TlON—Engraved Brass Chatty (water-pof), 17. lOs. 3. Ditto, 17. lOs. 4. CEYLON GOVERNMENT.— riaiu Brass Hanging Lamp, common bazaar ware, 7s. 6(7. 5. Ditto, 7«. 6(7. H 2
Contents. IV PAGE PAGB C. Laec 10. r > 4. Books, &c 116 7. Liicqiit'i' Work 105 n 'n.u i a/i 5. Stampa 118 8. Pottery 100 9. Furniture ■ . . .107 10. Arms . . 108 Class VIII. Ethnology. 1. Baddhist Articles 119 2. Vedda Articles 121 ;«. Mo(lulsofNativcsantlXutiveDres3e3 122 4. Miisks 123 5. Musical Instruments 124 (!. Mnldivo ('ollections ]2f> Class VU. Fine Arts and Education. 1. Paiiitdngs, &c 109 . > ■ é j ï ■• ■■ ■ 2. Photographa 114 S. Maps and Plans . ' 115
Commissions. VI T. N. Christie, Esq., Cbairman of the Planters' Association. C. 11. De Soysa, Esq., Cbairman ol the Agricultural Association. Captain F. Bayley. C. P. Dias Bandaranayake, Esq., Maha Mudaliyar. Ossen Lebbe Markur, Consu lor Turkey. W. E. Davidson, Esq., CCS. ]. J. Grinlinton, Esq. John Capper, Esq. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEB. Hon. E. R. Saunders, Government Agent, Western Province, Chairman. Hon. R. A. Bosanquet, M.L.C 11. Trimen, Esq., M.8., Director of the Botanical Gardens. P. D. Anthonisz, Esq., M.D. T. N. Christie, Esq., Chairman of the Planters' Association. C H. De Soysa, Chairman of the Agricultural Association. J. J. Grinlinton, Esq. \V. E. Davidson, Esq. Secret ary. John Capper, Esq. PROVINCIAL SUB-COMMITTEES. COLOMBO. Hon. F. R. Saunders, Government Agent, Western Province, Chairman. Honorary Secretary. VV. E. Davidson, Esq. k.WDV. Hon. P. A. Templer, < rovernment Agent, Central Province, Chairman. I (ONORARY SECRETARY. 1„ I. Lee, Esq. GALLE. \\. E. T. Sharpe, Esq., Government Agent, Southern Province, Chairman. Honorary Secretary. E. M. De Coucy Short, Esq. JAFFNA. W. C. Twynam, Esq., C.M.C., Government Agent, Northern Province, Chairman, I [ONORARY Sri retary. J. Rudd, Esq. KURL'NECALA. G. S. Williams, Esq., Government Agent, Norlh-Westem Province. Chairman. Honorary Secretary. M. S. Crawford, Esq. ANURADHAPUKA. E. C. Fisher, Esq., Government Agent, North-Central Province, Chairman. Honorary Secretary. S. M. Burrows, Esq.
XII Descriptiou of the Court. flanks the porch on either side (as well as that outside the Court, between it and Old London) have been designed to represent as nearly as possible the massivc walls which surround the Dalada Maligawa (the Buddhist Temple of the Sacred Tooth), and other structures, both religious and secular, in Kandy. In the open space between the Ceylon Court and Old London, and facing the Indian Palace, is the Ceylon Tea-House, from an inspection of which a good idca of Sinhalese timber-architecture may be obtained. The building has been designed by Mr. Smither. It stands upon a raised terrace, the floor of which is paved with omamental tiles provided by Messrs. Minton & Co., who have also executed the exceedingly effective mural tiling with which the south side and west end of the building are decorated. The frieze ornament is composed of the leaves and blossoms of the tea plant, and that in the band above the dado of lotus-flowers. In each of the four side bays is a framcd painting on tiles, the subjects being as follows:— i. (to the left) a view of Colombo from the harbour; 2. Strathellie Estate, factory and bungalow ; 3. Galboda Estate, weighing tca-leaf; and 4. View of Dcvon Estate, Dimbula, showing bungalow and waterfall. Upon the end wall is a painting representing a Tamil girl tca-picking. All these subjects have been faithfully enlargcd from photographs taken in Ceylon by Mr. M. H. Clerk, and W. H. Skecn & Co. The woodwork generally has been painted and decorated to harmonisc with the architecture, yellow being again the predomi nating colour, relievcd however by red, which has been adopted for the several devices painted thereon. Seven Sinhalese men have been brought over from Ceylon for the Exhibition. Of these, four are employed as attendants at the Ceylon Tea-House, and form one of its most attractive features. These men are typical low-country Sinhalese, and appear in their national dress. Their custom of wearing combs in their hair, which is tied in a knot at the back of the head, is a very striking charactcristic of the country. The chicf man of the party is a goldsmith, Wimalasurcndra by name, who is one of the cleverest workmen in his trade in Ceylon, and as such has been honoured by the Government with the native rank of Muhandiram of his caste. Two carpenters complete the party, having been spccially selected for their ability in their profession ; much of the best carving exhibited, both in cabinet woods and in plumbago, is their handiwork.
XIV Introduction. The Veddas are supposed to be a remnant of the aborigines of Ceylon. Thcy have no fixcd habitations, roaming about the forests of the Southern and Eastern Provinces. Living in cavcs and hollow trees, their dialect is different from that of the Sinhalese, with whom thcy have littlc intercoursc. The Maldivc Archipclago, a group of Coral Islets sparsely inhabited by a race of Sinhalese origin, spcaking a broken dialect of Sinhalese, is tributary to Ceylon, to which the Sultan of the Maldives sends an embassy annually. These Islands are difficult of access, and intercoursc with them is vcry limitcd. An interesting ethnological collection from these Islands has been procured for this Exhibition. For a tropical country, Ceylon is dccidedly healthy; from its insular position, the climatc contrasts favourably with that of India ; thcre are no extremes of temperature, and throughout the low country the thermometer varies little in the coursc of the year ; the mean temperature at Colombo is ncarly Bi° F. Therc is, howevcr, considcrablc differencc in the daily temperature in the hill districts. The coolest months are December and January; the hottest, March, April, and May. Sir E. Terment, who residcd in the island for some years as Licut.-Governor and Colonial Secretary, in his interesting and valuable work on the Colony, writcs:—" Therc is no island in the world, Grcat Britain itself not excepted, that has attractcd the attention of authors in so many distant ages and so many different countrics as Ceylon ; therc is no nation in ancientor modern times possessed of a language or literature the writers of which have not at some time made it their theme. Its aspect, its rcltgion, its an tiquities and productions have been described as well by classic Greeks as by thosc of the lower empire, by the Romans, by the writers of China, Burmah, India and Cashmcre, by the geographers of Arabia and Persia, by the medireval voyagers of Portugal and Francc, by the annalists of Portugal and Spain, by the merchants and adventurers of Holland, and by the travellers and topographers of Great Britain." Tcnnent's own enthusiastic description of the island is summed up thus :— " Ceylon, from whatevcr direction it is approached, unfolds a secne of loveliness and grandeur unsurpassed, if it be rivalled, by any land in thé universe. The travcllcr from Bengal, leavingbehind themelan choly delta of the Ganges and the torrid coast of Coromandel, or the
XIX Inirodiictien. cinchona and tea have both been succcssfully cultivated, but it is mainly to the latter that the planters now look with confidcncc to retrieve their fortunes and bring back prospcrity to the island. The extent of tea planted since 1877 cxcccds 100,000 acres, and the export has already risen from 2,105 lbs. to 9,000,000 lbs. ; the prospects both in erop and flavour have been so sucecssful that large plantations of coffee are being rootcd up to make way for tea. It is confidently anticipatcd that within six years the export will reach 40,000,000 lbs. No country can boast of a bettcr or cheapcr labour supply, but it is chiefly importcd from India. The Sinhalese peasants are excellent domestic servants, and are good at felling trees and clearing jungles, irrigation, and othcr works enforeed under the Village Communitics Act, but very few will undertake the routine work of the hill plantation labour. Ceylon has therefore becomc the favouritc resort of cmigrants from the Malabar and Coromandcl coast, who flock over in thousands and settlc on the estates ; there are no unncecssary restrictions, and the coming and going of these labourcrs is made as free and as easy as possiblc. Public " rest-houses" and hospitals are provided by Government at easy distances along the central road running from Kandy to Jaffna, by which most of the cmigrants find their way to the plantations. In the prospcrous years of coffee as many as 150,000 Coolie labourers would migrate to Ceylon in one year, returning to their native villages to spend their savings, and immigrating again for the next harvest. In addition to coffee, cinchona and tea, cacao is becomïng an important item on many plantations, and is of excellent quality ; india rubbcr, tapioca, vanilla, and other tropical products, are also succcss fully grown on many properties. The large cultivation of cinnamon and coconut palm is chiefly in the hands of natives ; both thrive best in the low country near the sea. For many years the export of cinnamon was a Government monopoly, but now there are no restrictions on its growth ot export; the amount of the cinnamon exportcd in 1883 execcded 2,335,000 lbs. The cultivation of the coconut palm, with its multifarious uses, is the most important in the life of the low-country Sinhalese. The spirit he drinks is distilled from the sap ; the kerncl of the nut is a necessary clement in his daily curry ; the " milk " of the nut the beverage offered to every visitor ; his only lamp is fed from the oil; the nets for
lutrodnction. XV adventurcr from Europe recently inured to the sands of Egypt and the scorched headlands of Arabia, is alikc cntranced by the vision of beauty which expands before hitn as the island rises from the sea, its lofty mountains covered by luxuriant forests, and its shores, till they meet the ripple of the waves, bright with the foliagc of perpetual spring." The speed and comfort with which a journey to Ceylon can now be accomplishcd by the magnificent vessels of the Peninsular and Oriental, Mcssagerics, British India, and other important Stcamship Companics, induecs many besides the merchant or planter to visit this interesting island. Those in search of tropical scenery and vegetation, or keen in archaeology, the naturalist or sportsman, will all alike find ample field for enterprise, well repaying the three weeks spent on the outward voyagc. The scenery and vegetation are rich in all that gladdens the eye ; while no country in the world can boast of a more varied and interesting insect life to occupy the naturalist. Elcphant, leopard, wild buffalo, bear, wild boar, deer of many varieties, with snipe and wild fowl in profusion, will give occupation to the sportsman. To the archsologist the many ruined citics, with their stone carving and clear close-cut inscriptions, offer infinite variety. Among the most wonderful of these ruins are those of Polonnaruwa and Anuradhapura in the centre of the island. The latter was the chosen capital of King I'andukabhaya, 437 8.C., and remained the capital of the island for twelve centuries. Historians writc that the outcr wall of the city en closed 250 square miles, and was completcd in the first century of the Christian era. Nothing bcyond the ruins with their interesting records in stone, and the large Dagobas, now remain, except the sacred Be tree, which still flourishes. Major Forbes, in his work entitlcd' Elevcn Years in Ceylon,' states that in the rcign of King Devanampiya Tissa, which commcnccd 307 8.C., Anuradhapura reccived the collar bone of the Gautama Buddha, his begging dish filled with relies, and •1 branch of the Bó tree, under which he attaincd Buddhahood. Thus this relic of past ages has been flourishing for nearly 2,200 years, and is believed to bc the oldest living tree of which there is any authentic record. It is held sacred throughout the Buddhist world, and is the goal of many a long pilgrimage. Even the fallen leaves are treasured by the pilgrims and carried to distant lands. Roughly speaking, three-fifths, or say 1,700,000, of the population of Ceylon are Buddhists.
XVI Introduction. Colombo, on the south-west coast, is now the capital of the island, with a population of nearly 120,000. A breakwater recently com pleted, under the supervision of Sir J. Coode, at a cost of .£650,000, cnablcs vessels of the largest size to lic in safety throughout the heaviest monsoon. It has thus becomc a first-class port, and from its unsurpassed gcographical position is dcstincd to bccome the centre of the commerce of the Eastern scas. Colombo is distant 2,500 miles from Aden, 600 from Madras, 900 from Bombay, 1,400 from Calcutta, 1,600 from Singapore, 3,000 from Hong Kong, 3,000 from West Australia. Previous to the construction of the Colombo breakwater, Galle, on the south coast, was the port of call for mail steamers, but the natural harbour of the Island is Trincomalee on the N.E. Coast. This has been for many years the rendezvous of H.M.S. vessels on the East Indian Station, and still remains so ; it is easy of access in all weather, and has a magnificent and safe anchorage. Turning now to the products of the island, wc find Ceylon in ancient days the far-famed land of pearls and precious stones. Much activity is still shown in the scarch for gems, and the value of the stones annually discovered is considcrable. This mining, as well as that for plumbago, is cntircly in the hands of the natives. Plumbago or graphite mines, are largcly worked in the Western Province. The produce is chiefly exportcd to Great Britain and the United States, where it is utilised in the manufacturc of pencils, crucibles and portable furnaecs. The amount of plumbago raiscd and exportcd in ISS2 was upwards of 240,000 cwts. The pcarl fishery, though precarious and uncertain, is still in favourable years a valuable addition to the revenue. In the last successful fishery, held in 1881, the Government sharc realised £59,900. The same primitivc system of gathering the oysters exists as in ancient times. When the " superintendent" reports a bed fit for fishing, Government proclaims a fishery to commencc on a certain date; by thisdate the arid and otherwisc deserted coastland at Arippu, on the N.W. coast, is the scène of a bustlingtown, fillcd with people of varied races and occupations, including divers and boatmen from the Coro mandcl Coast, pearl dealers from India, Malaya and China, with the necessary accompaniment of merchants and traders of all classes. A limited number of boats and divers are licensed ; every oyster is gathered by the hand of the diver, no dredger or implement of any kind being used. The Government take as royalty two-thirds of the
XVII Introduction. oysters thus gathered, which are sold by public auction at the close of each day's fishing. The manufacture of salt still rcmains a Government monopoly, and produces a profit of from £80,000 to £90,000 per annum, the salt bcing sold by Government at 4S. Bd. a cwt. The monopoly is, prima facie, open to the obvious objections which attach to all taxes on nccessaries of life ; and if the circumstances of the country wcre such as to make it possiblc for the Government to dispense with the revenue derivcd from the monopoly, these objections wouldhave much wcight. But the rclation between the gcncral revenue and the requirc ments of the island is such that it would bc difiïcult to abandon the revenue derivcd from salt without at the same time abandoning the cxecution of public works of matcrial importancc, including the extension and the efficiënt maintcnance of mcans of communication. The significancc of such a step to the nativc population may be realised from the fact that until a comparativcly recent date therc wcre districts in the island wherc the cost of transport added as much as 200 per cent. to the pricc charged by Government for salt 011 the sea board. Gold, silver, ivory, and tortoiseshcll work are also among the important nativc industries, togethcr with pottery, mats, fans, and wood carving. The beautiful woods indigenous to the island givc great scope to the ingenious native carvers and cabinet makers; among the most valuable are, ebony, satinwood, calamandcr, jak, ncdun, palai, ironwood, halmilla, &c. The exhibits of these scveral industries will repay carcful inspection. The scas surrounding the shoresabound in fish, and the coast line, cspccially in the S.W. and N. Provinces, is thickly populatcd, and has the appearance of an endless village, the inhabitants of which are thriving, and whose wants are satisfied by a few hours' fishing with the most primitivc applianccs. The Sinhalese, however, are mainly an agricultural race, and the Vast majority are engagcd in tilling the soil. The stupendous* works Commenccd 500 8.C., and continued by successive kings of Ceylon in construction of innumerable reservoirs or tanks for storing the rainfall for irrigation purposes, tcstify to the great importance attached to agriculture in ancient times. * The tank of Kalawewa snbmerged an area ot over 40 unies in circumference. The retaining "bund," or earthwork, is more than 12 miles in length, with a thickness of over 300 ft. at its base. b
Introdnction. XVIII The Legislature has for some years voted considerable sums annually from the general revenue for the repair, maintcnancc, and improvement of these tanks, to the immense advantage of the rural population. The Sinhalese cultivation is nowchicfly confincd to the production of their staplc articles of food, rice, and dry grains and coconut, with gardens of areka palms, cinnamon, coffec, vcgctablcs and fruits.* In the northern province of Jaffna the natives are chiefly of Tamil origin ; thcy cultivate largely tobacco, dry gram, brcadfruit, palmyra palm, vcgetables and tropical fruits of all kinds. The great agricultural industry, however, which has mainly stimulated the progress and prospcrity of Ceylon, thus cnabling the Government to undertakc the construction of railways and intersect the island with splendid roads and bridges, is coffec planting in the hill districts. Ncarly one-fifth of the island is compriscd in the hill or mountain zone; the highest pcak of the range is Pidurutalagala, 8,296 ft. The most interesting and best known is Adam's Pcak. The majority of the plantations lic at an clevation of between 2,00Ö ft. and 5,000 ft. ; here the climatc is wcll nigh perfection, and the luxury of the planters bungalow, with its European comforts, surrounded by roses and geraniums, with English fruits and vcgetables, can bc most justly appreciated after the heat of a journey from Colombo to the hill stations. The coffce plant is not, as cinnamon is, indigenous to-Ccylon ; but there werc formerly few nativc hamlcts in the Kandy country that had not scattered coffec bushes around their door. It was not, however, till about 1830 that European enterprise was first directed to the cultivation of coffce in the island, since which date it continucd with varying success till 1874-5, when the export of coffce reached ncarly 1,000,000 cwts., representing at the then ruling price a value of nearly £5,000,000 sterling. These vast returns on capital drovc forest land up to an extravagant price, and Crown lands at an upset price of £1 an acre occasionally sold by public auction at from £20 to £24 an acre. This great prospcrity, however, did not continue uncheckcd. In IS7B-9 the effects of the fungus [Hemileia vastatrix) known as "leaf disease" had so scriously diminished the crops that planters began to turn their attention toother plants adaptcd to the climatc and soil ; * Fruits inclttde plantains, pine apples, custard apples, mangoes, oranges, linies, meions, breadiruit, ie.
Introduction. XX fishing are manufacturcd from the fibrc, as is also the rope which kceps his goat or cow from straying; while the raftcrs of his house, the thatch of the roof, and the window blinds are made from its lcaf and wood. The cxtcnt and valuc of the cultivation of this palm may bc gathcred from the fact that while, as alrcady stated, its many products are a universal neecssity in the daily life of the island population of nearly 3,000,000, the export of oil, copra and fibre exceeds in amount £700,000 annually, and the revenue derivcd from the excise duty levied on the spirit (arrack) distillcd from the sap cxcccds £170,000. The following figures show the latest Official Returns of the Financcs and Tradc of the Colony :— 18S5. Revenue Rs. 12,650,863-67 Expenditure .... 12,611,207-28 Imports. Goods . . 40,879,318-96 Specie . . 4,343,019-50 Exports. Goods . . 33,844,125 35 Specie . . 1,938,279-87 With a fixcd determination on the part of the local Lcgislaturc to continue uninterruptcdly an annual votc from public funds for the judicious restoration of the ancient irrigation works, and thus make Ceylon agaih independent of foreign importations of rice, with a similar determination to push the raihvay system into the hcart of the planting districts, so as to give easy and chcap transport to the seaboard, this bcautiful island, from its grand gcographical position, its excellent harbour accommodation and hcalthy climatc, is destined to justify its ancient Brahmin titlc of " The Pearl on the brovv of India," or Lanka, " the resplendcnt."
B HANDBOOK AND CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITS for THE COLONY OF CEYLON. COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION, SOUTH KENSINGTON, 18S6. CLASS I. NATURAL OBJECTS. Section i. Building Stones. [A.] THE rocks of Ceylon present but few striking features. Almost everywhere gneiss is found of great thickness, and in various combinations is the common building stone of the country ; it is of this that the Colombo Breakwater is formed. It is occasionally found overlaid with dolomitic crystalline limestonc and breccia, and shows different structures according to the proportions of its com ponent parts. Limestonc is not very generally met with, and it therefore enters but to a limited extent into the cconomy of the builder ; coral stone, on the other hand, fórms a very useful and permanent building matcrial in the northern and some of the southern districts. In the Western and Southern Provinces the common building material is " Cabook," or laterite, a matcrial found in abundance, and which can bc casily quarried and cut to the required forms. There have long been differences of opinion amongst experts as to the nature and origin of " Cabook," but it is generally believed to be formed by the decay of gneiss rock. An cxamination of deep cuttings through cabook hills shows unmistakably a connection without any definite line of demarcation between the soil and the laterite, and between the latter and the solid rock beneath. Strongly impregnated with iron in a transition state, cabook gradually hardens
CONTENTS. PAGE C'EYLON COMMISSIONS V View of Kandy viii I'REFACE j x Plan of Ceylon Court and Tea House x DESCRIPTfON OF TUE COURT xi ÏNTRODUCTION xiii HANDUOOK AND CATALOGUE. Class I. Natural Objects. PAOS 1. Building Stoncs 1 2. Orea and Minerale 2 8. Gems 4 4. Pearls, Pearl Oysters, Chanks . . 9 5. Oorals 18 6. Ihrns, Tusks and II untingTropiiies II 7. Zoological Collections . . . .16 Class 11. Food Products. 1. Coffee 17 2. Tea 19 8. Cacao 23 4. Spices 25 5. Paddy and Rice 29 0. Fine and Dry Grains . . . . 32 7. Sta relies 88 8. Vanilla :;;; 9. Jaffna Moss 84 10. Sugar and Jaggery :;i 11. Arrack and Rum ;',., 12. Preserves and Pickles ... 37 13. Bêche-de-Mer :-;s 14. Edible Birds' Nests 89 15. Dried Fish 40 16. Stilt 41 Class 111. Drugs aud Medicinal Substances. iKCinchona Bark >:'. ijkCinehona Bark 48 Preparations . . . 4U öSTNative Medicinal Plants and Medicines 46 CI.ASS IV. Botc Products and Manufactures. 1. Oil Seeds aud Oils 58 2. Essential Oils 62 3. Beams and Gums 04 4. Dyes and Dye Stuffa 65 5. Tanning substance-] 66 6. Kibres and Ropes 07 7. Cotton and Silk 09 8. Mats aud Basket Work . . . .71 9. Timbers and Cabinet Woods . . 73 10. Tobacco and Cigars 78 11. India Rubber 78 \2. Products of Coconut Palm . . . 79 13. Special Exhibit—Products of a low country Estate 81 Class V. Means of Transpart, Implements, Models. 1. Vehiclea—Carriagcs aud Carts . . 82 2. Boats 83 3. Agricultural Implements, &o. . . 87 4. Models 88 < 'I.ASS VI. Art Work. Art Work. 1. Jewellery, Gold and Silver Ware . 94 2. Metal Ware, other than Gold and Silver 93 3. Carved Work (ci) Ivory . . . .101 „ „ ('->) Coconut Shell . 102 „ „ (c) Ebony . . . 102 4. Tortoiseshell Work 104 5. I'orcupino Quill Work . . . .lul
los don : trikted by willlam clowes and sons, ï.imitip, ÖTAMÏOKD 6TKKKT AND 01* AïtlNG CBOBB.
PRE FA CE. This book is designcd to afford visitors information concerning the resources and industries of Ceylon, besides giving a Cataloguc of the articles exhibited in the Court. With this object, a map of Ceylon is inserted, as well as a short prefatory account of the island, dealing with its past history, and cspecially with its progress during the present century while under the British rule. At the commencement of cach section information of a general character is given, as an introduction to the detailed list of exhibits. It having been found impossiblc in some instances to group together in the same cases all the exhibits of a similar nature, the cases have been lettered on the ground plan of the Court here given, and these letters are referred to throughout the Cataloguc. It is hopcd that this arrangement will facilitate the finding of exhibits. Some of the articles exhibited are for sale at the close of the Lxhibition. Where practicable, all such articles have labels attached to them stating thcir pricc, and these are quotcd in this Cataloguc ; but in some instances, as for instance lace and tortoiseshell, it has been found inconvenient to label cach article separately. In these cases reference is invited to the Court attendant, who has printed lists in his charge. Mr. Hayward, the officcr in special charge of the exhibits of gems, is authorised to register the applications of those visitors who desirc to have articles for sale retained for them at the close of the Exhibition.
Colonial and Indian Exhibition, London, 1886. OFFICIAL HANDBOOK and CATALOGUE OP THE CEYLON COURT. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, Limited, printers aria $ul)lisf)crs to tljc Eogal «Tommission, 13 CHARING CROSS, S.W., and at THE EXHIBITION. 1886.
kandy.

COMMISSIONS APPOINTED BV THE GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON. COMMISSION IN LONDON. Sir Arthur N. Birch, K.C.M.C. [Executivt Commissioner). (i, Old Burlington Street, \V.) W. E. Davidson, Esq., Ceylon Civil Service (J/on. Seeretaty). _F. R. Saundcrs, Esq., Ceylon Civil Service ; Mcmber of tho Lcgislative Council, and 'hairman of the Exccutive Committee in Ceylon. 11. Trimen, Esq., M.8., F.L.S., Directer of the Royal Botanie Gardens, Peradeniya, lember of the Exccutive Committee in Ceylon. J. G. Smither, Esq., F.R.1.8.A., late Architect to the Government of Ceylon. (llonorary irchitect.) J. L. Shand, Esq., Representative of the Ceylon Planters' Association. CEYLON TEA AND COFFEE COMMITTEE. Sir A. N. Birch, K.C.M.C,., Chairman. SirPhilip Cunlifie-Owen, K.C.M.G., C.B. 1. T. White, Esq. W. M. Leake, Esq. H. Whitham, Esq. J. C. Smither, Esq., F.R.1.8.A. A. Ashmore, Esq. Henry S. King, Esq., M.P. j. 1,. Shand, Esq. W. E. Davidson, Esq., Secrctary. COMMISSIONS IN CEYLON. General Committee. The Hun. Sir Anhur Hamilton Cordon, G.C.M.G., President. The Hou Mr. Justice Dias. The lion. F. R. Saunders, Government Agent, Western Province. The Hon. P. A. Templer, Government Agent, Centra] Province. W. C. Twynam, Esq. C.M.C., Government Agent, Northern Province. W. E. T. Sharpe, Esq., Government Agent, Southern Province. G. S. Williams, Esq., Government Agent, North-Western Province. Allanson Bailey, Esq., Government Agent, Eastern Province. F. C. Fisher, Esq., Government Agent, North Central Province. P. D. Anthonisz, Esq., M.D. J. L. Vanderstraaten, Esq., M.D. 11. Trimen, Esq. M.8., F.L.S., Director of Botanical Garden». A. M. Ferguson, Esq., C.M.G. the Hon. 1. Van Langenberg, M.LC. The Hon. F. M. Mackwood, M.LC. The Hon. R. A. Bosanquet, M.L.C. The Hou. P. Ramanathan, M.L.C. The lion. A. L. De Alwis, M.L.C. I 'ie I lon. R. B. Downall, M.L.C. J. Wardrop, Es<|., Chairman of the Cham'ucr of Conimercg.

DESCRIPTION OF THE COURT. THE Ceylon Court is situated at the western end of the North Court, adjacent to the Indian sections. Its dimensions are 150 ft. in length, and 50 ft. in width. The decorations on the walls and roof of the Court, in which yellow, the sacred colour of Buddhism, predominates, are strictly Sinhalese in their character, and have been carried out by Messrs. Maplc & Co., from designs furnished by Mr. J. G. Smither, F.R.1.8.A., late architect to the Government of Ceylon. The dado round the Court, nine feet high abovc the floor, is ornamented with representations of the mythological animals—the elcphant, lion, buil, horse, and goose, as they appear sculptured on ruined monuments in the ancient cities of Ceylon. Highcr up, zfricze, a yard in width, is covered with Sinhalese paintings, depicting some of the more popular of the birth stories of Buddha {sec p. 110); the frieze is sutmounted by an omamental cresting, and depending from the roof-plate are fringed drapcries. The Gautama Buddha is represented on the west wall of the Court, facing the entrance, by a figure in alto relicvo ten feet high, seatcd in the conventional attitude of contemplation. Beneath the figure of Buddha, and on citherside of the word" Ceylon," are representations of the Buddhist emblems, the sun and the moon. The gateway at the west end of the Court is noticcable for the fine carvings in relief, executed in ebony, coconut, and tamarind, three of the principal cabinet woods of Ceylon. This gateway is a fac simile of one carved in stone at Yapahu, an ancient royal residencc of the Sinhalese monarchs. The porch through which the Court is entered at its eastern end is of teak wood, and has been constructed by Sinhalese workmen in Ceylon, from a design prepared by Mr. Smither ; the pillars with their elaborate carvings being faithful representations of portions of the King's Audience Hall at Kandy. The omamental mosaic floor is the work of Messrs. Minton and Co. of London. The wall which



CENTRAL PORTION OF SILVER SALVER FROM KANDY, IN CASE K. [This E?tgravi?tg from the Exkibtiion Number of the Art Journal has been khtdly leut by the Proprietors.']
VIEW OF CEYLON TEA ESTATE & FACTORY


CEYLON TEA HOUSE.

WEIGHING-IN GREEN TEA-LEAF.


Every effort has beon made to make the Exbibition Numfcer the best ever published, and an acceptable souvenir of the Colonial and Indian exhibits. which are of such exquisite and beautiful workmanship. In each section. Carved Wouden Door, I'aiij.'.t also, the author has endeavoured to point out for the visitor's use the most noteworthy objects, that he may be able to sec as much as possible in each visit, and have a lasting souvenir of what is best in the Exhibition.




INTRODUCTION. (WITH MAP OF CEYLON.') THE island of Ccylon (known to the ancients in different ages as Serendib, Taprobane, Lanka) lies in N. Lat. 5 0 S3'-9° 51'; E. Long. 79° 42-81 0 55' south-east of the southern extremity of Hindustan, from which it is separated by Palk Straits, a narrow channel only available for vesscls of light draught. The Portuguese were the first European settlers in Ceylon. From early in the i6th to the middlc of the i;th century thcy held con tinuous though not undisputed possession, giving way at last to the Dutch, who from A.D. 1656 for 140 years continued to govern the maritime provinces of the island, the Central or Kandyan Provinces remaining under their nativc rulers. In 1796 the last remaining stronghold of the Dutch at Colombo capitulated to the English, and the island became part of the British possessions in the Eastcrn seas. It was not, howcver, until some years later (1815) that the King of Kandy was deposcd, and the entire island brought within the Crown Colony system of Government, of which it is now the largest and most completely organised representative. The total area of the island is about one-sixth less than that of Ireland, and contains some 25,365 square miles ; the extreme length is 271 miles, the extreme breadth 137 miles. At the end of 1885 the population stood at 2,825,090 ; the proportion of Europcans to natives is less than 2 per 1,000. Sinhalese 1,920,000 Tamils 687,000 Moormen ..... 182,000 Othcr Native Races .... 13,000 Burghers, or natives of European descent . 18,000 Europcans 5,000